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Adult birds exposed to a low dose of imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used neonicotinoids, presented reduced fat stores, delayed migration and potentially altered orientation. However, little is known on the effect of imidacloprid on birds growth rate despite studies that have documented disruptive effects of low imidacloprid doses on thyroid gland communication. We performed a<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$2 \\times 2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>factorial design experiment in Zebra finches, in which nestling birds were exposed to a very low dose (0.205\u00a0mg\u00a0kg body<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\hbox {mass}^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>mass<\/mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) of imidacloprid combined with food restriction during posthatch development. During the early developmental period, imidacloprid exposure resulted in an improvement of body condition index in treated nestlings relative to controls. Imidacloprid also led to compensatory growth in food restricted nestlings. This early life neonicotinoid exposure also carried over to adult age, with exposed birds showing higher lean mass and basal metabolic rate than controls at ages of 90\u2013800\u00a0days. This study presents the first evidence that very low-dose neonicotinoid exposure during early life can permanently alter adult phenotype in birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93894-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T10:02:50Z","timestamp":1627380170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early life neonicotinoid exposure results in proximal benefits and ultimate carryover effects"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Zgirski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Legagneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Chastel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyette","family":"Regimbald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Prouteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Le Pogam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Budzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver P.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"V\u00e9zina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"93894_CR1","unstructured":"Mineau, P. & Palmer, C. 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