{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:40:12Z","timestamp":1793173212412,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016275","name":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-2018-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2018-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated trajectories of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and body mass index z-scores (BMIz) for 5\u00a0years after diagnosis among Korean children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the common data model. From the de-identified database of three hospitals, 889 patients\u2009&lt;\u200915\u00a0years of age diagnosed with T1D or T2D (393 boys, 664 T1D patients) were enrolled. Diagnosis was defined as first exposure to antidiabetic drug at each center. Compared with T2D patients, T1D patients had lower BMIz at diagnosis (\u2212\u20090.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2 vs. 1.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 3\u00a0months (\u2212\u20090.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0 vs. 1.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and higher HbA1c levels at diagnosis (10.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6% vs. 9.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). After 3\u00a0months, HbA1c levels reached a nadir of 7.6% and 6.5% in T1D and T2D patients, respectively, followed by progressive increases; only 10.4% of T1D and 29.7% of T2D patients achieved the recommended HbA1c target (&lt;\u20097.0%) at 60\u00a0months. T1D patients showed consistent increases in BMIz; T2D patients showed no significant change in BMIz during follow-up. Peri-pubertal girls with T1D had higher HbA1c and BMIz values. Achieving optimal glycemic control and preventing obesity should be emphasized in pediatric diabetes care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94194-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T10:03:33Z","timestamp":1626429813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Trajectories in glycated hemoglobin and body mass index in children and adolescents with diabetes using the common data model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yun Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooyoung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunggak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunkyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Jin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwangsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunhye","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Wook","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hak","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Seon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga Kyoung","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"94194_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12324","volume":"17","author":"JH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, J. H., Lee, C. G., Lee, Y. A., Yang, S. W. & Shin, C. H. Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes among Korean children and adolescents: Analysis of data from a nationwide registry in Korea. Pediatr Diabetes 17, 519\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12324 (2016).","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.4.510","volume":"31","author":"KH Ha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ha, K. H. & Kim, D. J. Epidemiology of childhood obesity in Korea. Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul) 31, 510\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.4.510 (2016).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul)"},{"key":"94194_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chae, H. W. et al. Incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among Korean children and adolescents between 2007 and 2017: An epidemiologic study based on a national database. Diabetes Metab. J. 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2020.0212 (2007).","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0212"},{"key":"94194_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","volume":"376","author":"EJ Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayer-Davis, E. J. et al. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002\u20132012. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 1419\u20131429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"94194_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2337\/dci17-0031","volume":"41","author":"D Dabelea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dabelea, D. Diabetes in youth-looking backwards to inform the future: Kelly west award lecture 2017. Diabetes Care 41, 233\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci17-0031 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"94194_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Diabetes, A. 13. Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care 43, S163\u2013S182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-S013 (2020).","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S013"},{"issue":"Suppl 27","key":"94194_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12737","volume":"19","author":"LA DiMeglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"DiMeglio, L. A. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr. Diabetes 19(Suppl 27), 105\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12737 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304237","volume":"99","author":"EE Frohlich-Reiterer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frohlich-Reiterer, E. E. et al. Predictors of increasing BMI during the course of diabetes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Data from the German\/Austrian DPV multicentre survey. Arch. Dis. Child. 99, 738\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304237 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"94194_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Birkebaek, N. H. et al. Body mass index standard deviation score and obesity in children with type 1 diabetes in the Nordic countries. HbA1c and other predictors of increasing BMISDS. Pediatr Diabetes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12693 (2018).","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12693"},{"key":"94194_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.077487","volume":"127","author":"Purnell, J. Q., Zinman, B., Brunzell, J. D. & Group, D. E. R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Purnell, J. Q., Zinman, B., Brunzell, J. D. & Group, D. E. R. The effect of excess weight gain with intensive diabetes mellitus treatment on cardiovascular disease risk factors and atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT\/EDIC) study. Circulation 127, 180\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.077487 (2013).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94194_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-015-0785-1","volume":"53","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redondo, M. J. et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated body mass index. Acta Diabetol. 53, 271\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-015-0785-1 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"issue":"Suppl 27","key":"94194_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12719","volume":"19","author":"P Zeitler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeitler, P. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth. Pediatr. Diabetes 19(Suppl 27), 28\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12719 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12148","volume":"12","author":"MD Marcus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marcus, M. D. et al. Weight change in the management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: The TODAY clinical trial experience. Pediatr. Obes. 12, 337\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijpo.12148 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"94194_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12761","author":"TP Candler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Candler, T. P. et al. Treatment adherence and BMI reduction are key predictors of HbA1c 1 year after diagnosis of childhood type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom. Pediatr. Diabetes https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12761 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12862","volume":"20","author":"JM Moore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moore, J. M. & Snell-Bergeon, J. K. Trajectories of hemoglobin A1c and body mass index z-score over four decades among 2 to 18 year olds with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr. Diabetes 20, 594\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12862 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12907","volume":"20","author":"MA Clements","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clements, M. A. et al. Five heterogeneous HbA1c trajectories from childhood to adulthood in youth with type 1 diabetes from three different continents: A group-based modeling approach. Pediatr. Diabetes 20, 920\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12907 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1625","volume":"40","author":"A Schwandt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwandt, A. et al. Longitudinal trajectories of metabolic control from childhood to young adulthood in type 1 diabetes from a large German\/Austrian registry: A group-based modeling approach. Diabetes Care 40, 309\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-1625 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"94194_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.05.014","author":"N Prinz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prinz, N. et al. Trajectories of body mass index from childhood to young adulthood among patients with type 1 diabetes-a longitudinal group-based modeling approach based on the DPV registry. J. Pediatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.05.014 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"94194_CR19","first-page":"574","volume":"216","author":"G Hripcsak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hripcsak, G. et al. Observational health data sciences and informatics (OHDSI): Opportunities for observational researchers. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 216, 574\u2013578 (2015).","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"94194_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2018.1487073","author":"A Kadlubiska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kadlubiska, A. et al. Five-year observation of the relationship between body mass index and glycated hemoglobin in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365513.2018.1487073 (2018).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest."},{"key":"94194_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12459","volume":"18","author":"E Cengiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cengiz, E. et al. Clinical outcomes in youth beyond the first year of type 1 diabetes: Results of the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) type 1 diabetes new onset (NeOn) study. Pediatr. Diabetes 18, 566\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12459 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0384","volume":"21","author":"NC Foster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foster, N. C. et al. State of type 1 diabetes management and outcomes from the T1D exchange in 2016\u20132018. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 21, 66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2018.0384 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"94194_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219144","volume":"14","author":"MM Barr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barr, M. M., Aslibekyan, S. & Ashraf, A. P. Glycemic control and lipid outcomes in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE 14, e0219144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219144 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"94194_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.074","volume":"188","author":"J Meyerovitch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meyerovitch, J., Zlotnik, M., Yackobovitch-Gavan, M., Phillip, M. & Shalitin, S. Real-life glycemic control in children with type 2 diabetes: A population-based study. J. Pediatr. 188, 173-180e171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.074 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"94194_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.07.011","volume":"158","author":"LE Levitt Katz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levitt Katz, L. E. et al. Glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes declines as early as two years after diagnosis. J. Pediatr. 158, 106\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.07.011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"94194_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2012.00851.x","volume":"13","author":"C Jefferies","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jefferies, C. et al. The incidence, clinical features, and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children <15 yr in a population-based cohort from Auckland, New Zealand, 1995\u20132007. Pediatr. Diabetes 13, 294\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2012.00851.x (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Consortium, R. & Investigators, R. C. Effects of treatment of impaired glucose tolerance or recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes with metformin alone or in combination with insulin glargine on beta-cell function: Comparison of responses in youth and adults. Diabetes 68, 1670\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db19-0299 (2019).","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0299"},{"key":"94194_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0954","volume":"37","author":"AB Dart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dart, A. B. et al. Earlier onset of complications in youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 37, 436\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-0954 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"94194_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.0686","volume":"317","author":"D Dabelea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dabelea, D. et al. Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. JAMA 317, 825\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.0686 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"94194_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12555","volume":"19","author":"RI Berkowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berkowitz, R. I. et al. Adherence to a lifestyle program for youth with type 2 diabetes and its association with treatment outcome in the TODAY clinical trial. Pediatr. Diabetes 19, 191\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12555 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000111814","volume":"69","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reinehr, T. et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in a 2-year follow-up: Insufficient adherence to diabetes centers. Horm Res 69, 107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000111814 (2008).","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"94194_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000039","volume":"2","author":"MA Clements","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clements, M. A. et al. Age at diagnosis predicts deterioration in glycaemic control among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2, e000039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000039 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"94194_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0751-5","volume":"16","author":"MM Kelsey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelsey, M. M. & Zeitler, P. S. Insulin resistance of puberty. Curr. Diab. Rep. 16, 64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-016-0751-5 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"94194_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13633-016-0026-6","volume":"2016","author":"TL Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown, T. L., Maahs, D. M., Bishop, F. K., Snell-Bergeon, J. K. & Wadwa, R. P. Influences of gender on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes. Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 2016, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13633-016-0026-6 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"94194_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0621-6","volume":"15","author":"KA Datye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Datye, K. A., Moore, D. J., Russell, W. E. & Jaser, S. S. A review of adolescent adherence in type 1 diabetes and the untapped potential of diabetes providers to improve outcomes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 15, 51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-015-0621-6 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"94194_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3224-9","author":"M De Keukelaere","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Keukelaere, M. et al. Evolution of body mass index in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Pediatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-018-3224-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"94194_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-013-0524-4","volume":"51","author":"L de Vries","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Vries, L. et al. Changes in weight and BMI following the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Acta Diabetol. 51, 395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-013-0524-4 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"94194_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12344","volume":"17","author":"T Manyanga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manyanga, T., Sellers, E. A., Wicklow, B. A., Doupe, M. & Fransoo, R. Is the change in body mass index among children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity at transition from pediatric to adult care?. Pediatr. Diabetes 17, 599\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12344 (2016).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"issue":"627\u2013632","key":"94194_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.05.046","volume":"167","author":"SN DuBose","year":"2015","unstructured":"DuBose, S. N. et al. Obesity in youth with type 1 diabetes in Germany, Austria, and the United States. J. Pediatr. 167(627\u2013632), e621\u2013e624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.05.046 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"94194_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.017","volume":"156","author":"M van Vliet","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Vliet, M. et al. Overweight is highly prevalent in children with type 1 diabetes and associates with cardiometabolic risk. J. Pediatr. 156, 923\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.017 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"94194_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1449-8","volume":"17","author":"M Di Cesare","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Cesare, M. et al. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: A worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Med. 17, 212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1449-8 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"94194_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12730","author":"C Maffeis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maffeis, C. et al. Prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Data from the international SWEET registry. Pediatr. Diabetes https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12730 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"94194_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20002","volume":"29","author":"JH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, J. H. & Moon, J. S. Secular trends in pediatric overweight and obesity in Korea. J. Obes. Metab. Syndr. 29, 12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7570\/jomes20002 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"94194_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.029","volume":"402","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palmer, B. F. & Clegg, D. J. The sexual dimorphism of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 402, 113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.029 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"94194_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7320","volume":"86","author":"ML Ahmed","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. L. et al. Elevated leptin levels are associated with excess gains in fat mass in girls, but not boys, with type 1 diabetes: Longitudinal study during adolescence. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 1188\u20131193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7320 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"94194_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12582","author":"H Phelan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phelan, H. et al. Longitudinal trajectories of BMI z-score: An international comparison of 11,513 Australian, American and German\/Austrian\/Luxembourgian youth with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr. Obes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijpo.12582 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"94194_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2018.61.5.135","volume":"61","author":"JH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, J. H. et al. The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: Development, improvement, and prospects. Korean J Pediatr 61, 135\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/kjp.2018.61.5.135 (2018).","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"94194_CR48","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (2020). https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"43","key":"94194_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham, et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4(43), 1686 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"94194_CR50","unstructured":"Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. ISBN 978-3-319-24277-4 (2016). https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94194-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94194-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94194-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T11:26:19Z","timestamp":1670066779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-94194-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["94194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-94194-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14614"}}