{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:05:49Z","timestamp":1790751949159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the dominant antibody found in our mucosal secretions and has long been recognized to play an important role in protecting our epithelium from pathogens. Recently, IgA has been shown to be involved in gut homeostatic regulation by \u2018recognizing\u2019 and shaping our commensal microbes. Paradoxically, yet selective IgA-deficiency is often described as asymptomatic and there is a paucity of studies only focused on the mice and human gut microbiome context fully ignoring other niches of our body and our commensal viruses. Here, we used as a model the human oral cavity and employed a holistic view and studied the impact of IgA deficiency and also common variable IgA and IgM immunodeficiencies (CVID), on both the human virome and microbiome. Unexpectedly, metagenomic and experimental data in human IgA deficiency and CVID indicate minimal-moderate changes in microbiome and virome composition compared to healthy control group and point out to a rather functional, resilient oral commensal viruses and microbes. However, a significant depletion (two\u00a0fold) of bacterial cells (p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and viruses was observed in IgA-deficiency. Our results demonstrate that, within the limits of our cohort, IgA role is not critical for maintaining a rather functional salivary microbiome and suggest that IgA is not a major influence on the composition of abundant commensal microbes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94507-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1626847673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Minimal-moderate variation of human oral virome and microbiome in IgA deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"de la Cruz Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Ignacio","family":"Gonzalez-Granado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Garcia-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Maestre","family":"Carballa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Martinez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"94507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00185","volume":"4","author":"B Corth\u00e9sy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corth\u00e9sy, B. Multi-faceted functions of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces. Front. Immunol. 4, 185 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"94507_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18848","volume":"535","author":"K Honda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Honda, K. & Littman, D. R. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 535, 75\u201384 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"94507_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0227-4","volume":"13","author":"O Pabst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pabst, O. & Slack, E. IgA and the intestinal microbiota: The importance of being specific. Mucosal Immunol. 13, 12\u201321 (2020).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"94507_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.027","volume":"21","author":"EJC G\u00e1lvez","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00e1lvez, E. J. 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