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Here, a 2-years field experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of water deficit stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application (as bio-fertilizer) on nutrients concentration, dry matter yield, essential oil quantity and quality of thyme in intercropping with soybean. Three irrigation levels, including (i) irrigation after depletion of 20% (I\n                    <jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) as non-stressed, 50% (I\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) as moderate water deficit and 80% (I\n                    <jats:sub>80<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) available water as severe water deficit were applied as the main factor. The sub-factor was represented by different cropping patterns including thyme sole culture, replacement intercrop ratio of 50:50 and 66:34 (soybean: thyme) and the third factor was non-usage (control) and usage of AMF. According to our results, the thyme dry yield under moderate and severe water deficit stress decreased by 35 and 44% in the first year, and by 27 and 40% in the second year compared with non-stressed (I\n                    <jats:sub>20<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) plants, respectively. Also, the macro- and micro-nutrients of thyme leaves increased significantly in intercropping patterns after application of AMF. The maximum essential oil percentage of thyme was achieved in 50:50 intercropping ratio treated with AMF. Under moderate and severe water deficits, the major constituents of thyme essential oil including thymol,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -cymene and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    -terpinene were increased in intercropping patterns treated with AMF. Generally, AMF application in intercropping ratio of 50:50 may be proposed to farmers as an eco-friendly approach to achieve desirable essential oil quality and quantity in thyme under water deficit stress conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94681-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T06:02:50Z","timestamp":1627365770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Funneliformis mosseae inoculation under water deficit stress improves the yield and phytochemical characteristics of thyme in intercropping with soybean"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Amani Machiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdollah","family":"Javanmard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Morshedloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Aghaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"89\u201399","key":"94681_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.02.038","volume":"134","author":"B Tohidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M. & Trindade, H. Review on essential oil, extracts composition, molecular and phytochemical properties of Thymus species in Iran. Ind. Crops Prod. 134(89\u201399), 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.02.038 (2019).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"94681_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-015-0117-y","volume":"4","author":"SM Alavi-Samani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alavi-Samani, S. M., Kachouei, M. A. & Pirbalouti, A. G. Growth, yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of essential oils from two thyme species under foliar application of jasmonic acid and water deficit conditions. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 4(3), 109\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13580-015-0117-y (2015).","journal-title":"Hortic. Environ. 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