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The genetic ability of the individual to produce defensins, the presence of microbes influencing defensin production, and the sensitivity of microbes to defensins together regulate the formation of an ever-changing balance between defensin levels and microbiome composition. We investigated the potential differences in postmenopausal vaginal microbiome composition and vaginal hBD levels in LS patients compared to non-LS controls. LS patients exhibited significantly lower levels of hBD1 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0003), and significantly higher levels of hBD2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0359) and hBD3 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0002), compared to the control group. The microbiome of the LS patients was dominated by possibly harmful bacteria including\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners, Streptococcus anginosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    known to initiate direct or indirect damage by increasing defensin level production. Our observations highlight that correcting the composition of the microbiome may be applicable in supplementary LS therapy by targeting the restoration of the beneficial flora that does not increase hBD2-3 production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94880-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T06:02:56Z","timestamp":1628229776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Human beta defensin levels and vaginal microbiome composition in post-menopausal women diagnosed with lichen sclerosus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Brunner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Medvecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Makra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"S\u00e1rdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Komka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","family":"Gugolya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00f3ra","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ri\u00f3","family":"Gajd\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Ostorh\u00e1zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"94880_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14096","volume":"31","author":"WI van der Meijden","year":"2017","unstructured":"van der Meijden, W. 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