{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:02:37Z","timestamp":1772136157728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In South Korea, it has been found that biocides used to control and eliminate harmful organisms are used as humidifier disinfectants and cause lung disease in users. Hence, efforts have been focused on studying the toxicity of biocides in workers who handle them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhalation exposure to sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) to protect the health of workers handling NaDCC. F344 rats were exposed to 0.8-, 4-, and 20-mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    of NaDCC for 6\u00a0h per day, 5\u00a0days per week for 14\u00a0days, and the recovery period after exposure was 14\u00a0days. In the 20-mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    -exposure group, we observed a decrease in food intake in females, a weight loss in males, and a decrease in partially active thromboplastin time in males and females 2\u00a0weeks after exposure. We noted a decrease in white blood cells in males in the 4- and 20-mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    -exposed groups. Both males and females in the 20-mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    group and males in the 4-mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    group showed irritation in the larynx related to test substance exposure. However, these findings were not observed in the recovery group. The main target organs affected by repeated 2-week inhalation exposure to NaDCC were the nasal cavity and larynx in the upper respiratory tract. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was considered to be 0.8\u00a0mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    because effects related to NaDCC exposure were observed even at of 4\u00a0mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and these effects were found to be reversible.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95148-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1627970581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Humidifier disinfectant, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC): assessment of respiratory effects to protect workers\u2019 health"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"DongSeok","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JiMin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"95148_CR1","unstructured":"European Parliament and of the Council. Directive 98\/8\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February Concerning the Placing of Biocidal Products on the Market. Official Journal of the European Communities L 123\/1 of 24.04.98 (1998)."},{"key":"95148_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.10.006","volume":"409","author":"S La Carbona","year":"2010","unstructured":"La Carbona, S. et al. Efficacy and environmental acceptability of two ballast water treatment chemicals and an alkylamine based-biocide. Sci. Total Environ. 409, 247\u2013255 (2010).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"95148_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huthmacher, K. & Most, D. Cyanuric acid and cyanuric chloride. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (ed. Elvers, B.) (Wiley, 2000).","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a08_191"},{"issue":"5","key":"95148_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2000.tb08942.x","volume":"92","author":"AWWA Water Quality Division Disinfection Systems Committee","year":"2000","unstructured":"AWWA Water Quality Division Disinfection Systems Committee. Committee report: disinfection at large and medium-sized systems. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 92(5), 32\u201343 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"95148_CR5","unstructured":"Reynolds JEF. Martindale. In The Extra Pharmacopoea (ed. Elvers, B.) (The Pharmaceutical Press, 1989) 969."},{"key":"95148_CR6","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation","author":"SS Black","year":"2001","unstructured":"Black, S. S. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation 135\u2013157 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001)."},{"key":"95148_CR7","volume-title":"Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants","author":"GC White","year":"1998","unstructured":"White, G. C. Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants 4th edn. (Wiley, 1998).","edition":"4"},{"key":"95148_CR8","unstructured":"OxyChem. ACl Chlorinated Isocyanurates. http:\/\/www.oxychem.com\/products\/ handbooks\/ACLHB.pdf (accessed 10 April 2003) (2003)."},{"issue":"1","key":"95148_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1021\/ed080p41","volume":"80","author":"G Pinto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinto, G. & Rohrig, B. Use of chloroisocyanurates for disinfection of water: Application of miscellaneous general chemistry topics. J. Chem. Educ. 80(1), 41\u201344 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"95148_CR10","unstructured":"NIOSH. Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETH 81-467-1138 (1982)."},{"issue":"2","key":"95148_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1021\/es00026a009","volume":"26","author":"T Kotiaho","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kotiaho, T. et al. Time persistence of monochloramine in human saliva and stomach fluids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(2), 302\u2013306 (1992).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"95148_CR12","unstructured":"US EPA. Pesticide registration 1677\u2013255 Ecolab, Inc for sodium dichloroisocyanurate XHC-S hard surface disinfectant https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/pesticides\/chem_search\/ppls\/001677-00255-20200403.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"95148_CR13","unstructured":"US EPA. Pesticide registration 71847-7 PRIA Label Amendment Medentech Ltd for Klorkleen 2 https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/pesticides\/chem_search\/ppls\/071847-00007-20210125.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"95148_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8669287","volume":"69","author":"BG Hammond","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hammond, B. G. et al. A review of toxicology studies on cyanurate and its chlorinated derivatives. Environ. Health Perspect. 69, 287\u2013292 (1986).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"95148_CR15","unstructured":"US EPA. HPV Chemical Challenge Program. Robust summaries for sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (CAS No. 2893-78-9) and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, dihydrate. Submitted by IIAHC (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1992)."},{"key":"95148_CR16","unstructured":"WHO. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality (World Health Organization (WHO\/HSE\/AMR\/08.03\/3), 2008)."},{"key":"95148_CR17","unstructured":"OECD. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4: Test No. 412 Subacute inhalation toxicity: 28-day study (2018)."},{"issue":"8","key":"95148_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2018.1488078","volume":"52","author":"H Xin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xin, H. & Donovan, B. Y. Generation of high concentrations of respirable solid-phase aerosols from viscous fluids. Aerosol. Sci. Technol. 52(8), 933\u2013952 (2018).","journal-title":"Aerosol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"95148_CR19","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology","author":"M Walling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walling, M., Haschek, W. & Rousseaux, C. 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University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty https:\/\/www.zora.uzh.ch\/id\/eprint\/27840\/11\/N._Cesarovic_Diss.pdf (2009)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59792-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95148-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95148-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95148-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T08:07:22Z","timestamp":1713514042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95148-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["95148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95148-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-196317\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-196317\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59792-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59792-z","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15681"}}