{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:18:09Z","timestamp":1793121489272,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pathological myopia is a severe case of myopia, i.e., nearsightedness. Pathological myopia is also known as degenerative myopia because it ultimately leads to blindness. In pathological myopia, certain myopia-specific pathologies occur at the eye\u2019s posterior i.e., Foster-Fuchs\u2019s spot, Cystoid degeneration, Liquefaction, Macular degeneration, Vitreous opacities, Weiss\u2019s reflex, Posterior staphyloma, etc. This research is aimed at developing a machine learning (ML) approach for the automatic detection of pathological myopia based on fundus images. A deep learning technique of convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for this purpose. A CNN model is developed in Spyder. The fundus images are first preprocessed. The preprocessed images are then fed to the designed CNN model. The CNN model automatically extracts the features from the input images and classifies the images i.e., normal image or pathological myopia. The best performing CNN model achieved an AUC score of 0.9845. The best validation loss obtained is 0.1457. The results show that the model can be successfully employed to detect pathological myopia from the fundus images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95205-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T06:03:52Z","timestamp":1629093832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Automatic detection of pathological myopia using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Namra","family":"Rauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Omer","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"95205_CR1","unstructured":"Sunday, M., & Lauer, A. K. Pathologic myopia (myopic degeneration). American Academy of Ophthalmology, EyeWiki. (2015). https:\/\/eyewiki.aao.org\/Pathologic_Myopia_(Myopic_Degeneration). Accessed on Oct 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"95205_CR2","first-page":"1036","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden, B. A. et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. 123(5), 1036\u20131042 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. Acad. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"95205_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Cheng, J., Wong, K., Wing, D., Cheng, C.-Y., Saw, S.M., & Wong, T.Y. Automated tessellated fundus detection in color fundus images. in Proceedings of the Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis Third International Workshop, OMIA 2016, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2016, Athens, Greece, October 21, 2016 (Eds Chen, X. et al.). 25\u201332 (2016).","DOI":"10.17077\/omia.1043"},{"key":"95205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.05.028","volume":"45","author":"Anindita Septiarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Septiarini, A., Harjoko, A., Pulungan, R., & Ekantini, R. Automatic detection of peripapillary atrophy in retinal fundus images using statistical features. in Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 45, 151\u2013159 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"95205_CR5","unstructured":"Zhang,\u00a0Z., Cheng,\u00a0J., Liu, J., Sheri,\u00a0Y. C. M., Kong, C. C. & Mei, S. S.  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Detection of pathological myopia by PAMELA with texture-based features through an SVM approach. J. Healthc. Eng. 1, 1 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"95205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Duan, L., Fu, H., Zhang, Z., Zhao, W., You, T., Wong, T. Y. & Liu, J. Ocular disease detection from multiple informatics domains. in IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018) (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2018.8363519"},{"key":"95205_CR10","volume-title":"Deep Learning","author":"I Goodfellow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y. & Courville, A. Deep Learning (MIT Press, 2016)."},{"key":"95205_CR11","volume-title":"Deep Learning with Python","author":"F Chollet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chollet, F. Deep Learning with Python (Manning Publications Co., 2018)."},{"key":"95205_CR12","first-page":"41","volume":"441","author":"U Raghavendra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raghavendra, U. et al. Deep convolutional neural network for accurate diagnosis of glaucoma using digital fundus images. Inf. Sci. Inform. Comput. Sci. Intell. Syst. Appl. Int. J. 441, 41\u201349 (2018).","journal-title":"Inf. Sci. Inform. Comput. Sci. Intell. Syst. Appl. Int. J."},{"key":"95205_CR13","unstructured":"Bradski, G., & Kaehler, A. OpenCV. Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal of Software Tools 3 (2000)."},{"key":"95205_CR14","unstructured":"Freire, C.R., da Costa Moura, J.C., da Silva Barros, D.M. & de Medeiros Valentim, R.A. Automatic Lesion Segmentation and Pathological Myopia Classification in Fundus Images. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.06382 (2020)."},{"key":"95205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.01.084","volume":"165","author":"J Devda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Devda, J. & Eswari, R. Pathological myopia image analysis using deep learning. Proc. Comput. Sci. 165, 239\u2013244 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"95205_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PALM: PAthoLogic Myopia Challenge, IEEEDataPort,  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21227\/55pk-8z03 (2019).","DOI":"10.21227\/55pk-8z03"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95205-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95205-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95205-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T07:40:48Z","timestamp":1670053248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-95205-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["95205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95205-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16570"}}