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Exploitation of oil shale can be divided into two types: ex situ and in situ exploitation. In situ transformation has been favoured because of its various advantages. Heating of oil shale leads to the production of oil and gas. To explore the influence of solid residue after pyrolysis of oil shale on the groundwater environment, we performed ultrapure water\u2013rock interaction experiments. The results showed that Pb tended to accumulate in solid residues during pyrolysis. Additionally, the Pb concentration goes up in the immersion solution over time and as the pyrolysis temperature increased. In contrast, when we measured the soaking data of benzene series, the concentrations of benzene and toluene produced at temperatures over 350\u00a0\u2103 were highest in the four oil shale pyrolysis samples after pyrolysis. The water\u2013rock interaction experiment for 30\u00a0days led to benzene and toluene concentrations that were 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> and 1070-fold over the limit of China\u2019s standards for groundwater quality. Over time, the content of benzene series was attenuated via biological actions. The results show that in situ oil shale mining can lead to continuous pollution in the groundwater environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95509-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T10:16:35Z","timestamp":1628504195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Release characteristics of Pb and BETX from in situ oil shale transformation on groundwater environment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"95509_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w10050649","author":"S Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu, S., Xiao, C., Jiang, X. & Liang, X. 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