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They are peculiar also for their teeth erupt earlier than in any other African population, and their posterior dentition is larger than in non-Pygmy populations. However, the Baka\u2019s dental morphology, like several other aspects of their biology, is still understudied. Here, we explore the variation of the Baka\u2019s deciduous upper and lower second molars (dm2s) in comparison to a geographically heterogeneous human sample by means of 3D geometric morphometrics and analysis of dental traits. Our results show that the different populations largely overlap based on the shape of their dm2s, especially the lower ones. Their distal region and the height of the dentinal crown differ the most, with the Baka showing the most extreme range of variation. Upper and lower dm2s covary to a great extent (RV\u2009=\u20090.82). The Baka\u2019s and South Americans\u2019 dm2s were confirmed among the largest in our sample. Despite the Baka\u2019s unique growth pattern, long-lasting isolation, and extreme dental variation, it is not possible to distinguish them from other populations based on their dm2s\u2019 morphology only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95524-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T06:03:06Z","timestamp":1628834586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Morphological variation of the deciduous second molars in the Baka Pygmies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Petra G.","family":"\u0160imkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard W.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando V.","family":"Ramirez Rozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Slimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Sadoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Fornai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"95524_CR1","unstructured":"Cavalli-Sforza, L. 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