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However, this approach has important limitations related to the dimensional reduction and the accuracy of the used data. 3D facial photography has been recently introduced as a risk-free alternative that overcomes these limitations. However, the proper reference areas that should be used to superimpose serial 3D facial images of growing individuals are not yet known. Here, we tested various 3D facial photo superimposition reference areas and compared their outcomes to those of a standard anterior cranial base superimposition technique. We found that a small rectangular area on the forehead plus an area including the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen provided comparable results to the standard technique and showed adequate reproducibility. Other reference areas that have been used so far in the literature were less reliable. Within the limitations of the study, a valid superimposition reference area for serial 3D facial images of growing individuals is suggested. The method has potential to greatly expand the possibilities of this highly informative, risk free, and easily obtained 3D tool for the assessment of facial changes in growing individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95942-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T06:03:40Z","timestamp":1628748220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Valid 3D surface superimposition references to assess facial changes during growth"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Simeon T.","family":"H\u00e4ner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kanavakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Matthey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Gkantidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"95942_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0404","volume":"366","author":"AC Little","year":"2011","unstructured":"Little, A. 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