{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T13:04:02Z","timestamp":1794315842690,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to assess the effect of fermented dried soybean (FSBM) and\/or fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for weaned piglets on production results, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tract histology, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Piglets in the control group received standard diets with soybean meal. Animals in all experimental groups received diets in which a portion of the soybean meal was replaced: in group FR\u20148% FRSM; in group FR\/FS\u20146% FRSM and 2% FSBM; in group FS\/FR\u20142% FRSM and 6% FSBM and in group FS\u20148% FSBM. The use of 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM in the piglet diets had a positive effect on average daily gains. Piglets from the FR and FR\/FS groups had the highest feed conversion rate. Group FS\/FR and FS piglets had significantly lower mortality and lower incidence of diarrhoea. Piglets fed a diet with the fermented components, in particular with 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM, exhibited a positive effect on the microbiological composition and histology of intestines, which resulted in improved nutrient digestibility coefficients (ATTD and AID).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96117-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T10:03:20Z","timestamp":1629453800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Dietary fermented rapeseed or\/and soybean meal additives on performance and intestinal health of piglets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Czech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugeniusz Ryszard","family":"Grela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Kiesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"96117_CR1","first-page":"D407","volume":"21","author":"CLM De Visser","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Visser, C. L. M., Schreuder, R. & Stoddard, F. The EU\u2019s dependency on soya bean import for the animal feed industry and potential for EU produced alternatives. Oilseeds Fats Crops Lipids 21, D407 (2014).","journal-title":"Oilseeds Fats Crops Lipids"},{"key":"96117_CR2","first-page":"655","volume":"12","author":"P Florou-Paneri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Florou-Paneri, P. et al. Alternative protein sources to soybean meal in pig diets. J. Food Agric. Environ. 12, 655\u2013660 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"96117_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.90222","volume":"23","author":"M Choct","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choct, M., Dersjant-Li, Y., McLeish, J. & Peisker, M. Soy oligosaccharides and soluble non-starch polysaccharides: A review of digestion, nutritive and anti-nutritive effects in pigs and poultry. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23, 1386\u20131398 (2010).","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12508","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12508","volume":"42","author":"MO Omosebi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omosebi, M. O., Osundahunsi, O. F. & Fagbemi, T. N. Effect of extrusion on protein quality, antinutritional factors, and digestibility of complementary diet from quality protein maize and soybean protein concentrate. J. Food Biochem. 42, e12508 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"96117_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001326","volume":"85","author":"F Sch\u0151ne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sch\u0151ne, F., Leiterer, M., Hartung, H., Jahreis, G. & Tischendorf, F. Rapeseed glucosinolates and iodine in sows affect the milk iodine concentration and the iodine status of piglets. Br. J. Nutr. 85, 659\u2013670 (2001).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"96117_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkhata, SG, Ayua, E, Kamau, EH, Shingiro, JB. Fermentation and germination improve\nnutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes. Food Sci. Nutr. 6, 2446\u20132458,\n(2018).","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.846"},{"key":"96117_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114315","volume":"259","author":"B Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, B. et al. Effects of fermented feed supplementation on pig growth performance: A meta-analysis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 259, e114315 (2020).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"96117_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.021","volume":"173","author":"N Canibe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Canibe, N. & Jensen, B. B. Fermented liquid feed\u2014Microbial and nutritional aspects and impact on enteric diseases in pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 173, 17\u201340 (2012).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"96117_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.04.011","volume":"159","author":"YS Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song, Y. S., P\u00e9rez, V. G., Pettigrew, J. E., Martinez-Villaluenga, C. & de Mejia, E. G. Fermentation of soybean meal and its inclusion in diets for newly weaned pigs reduced diarrhea and measures of immunoreactivity in the plasma. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 159, 41\u201349 (2010).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"96117_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061646","volume":"11","author":"A Czech","year":"2021","unstructured":"Czech, A., Sembratowicz, I. & Kiesz, M. The effects of a fermented rapeseed or\/and soybean meal additive on antioxidant parameters in the blood and tissues of piglets. Animals 11, 1646 (2021).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"96117_CR11","first-page":"270","volume":"50","author":"M Kirchgessner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kirchgessner, M. & Roth, F. X. Sch\u00e4tzgleichungen zur Ermittlung des energetischen Futterwertes von Mischfuttermitteln f\u00fcr Schweine. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 50, 270\u2013275 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"96117_CR12","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 11th revised edition","author":"National Research Council (NRC)","year":"2012","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 11th revised edition (National Academies Press, 2012)."},{"key":"96117_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2110","volume":"88","author":"CK Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones, C. K. et al. Effects of fermented soybean meal and specialty animal protein sources on nursery pig performance. J. Anim. Sci. 88, 1725\u20131732 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2007.399","volume":"20","author":"YG Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim, Y. G., Lohakare, J. D., Yun, J. H., Heo, S. & Chae, B. J. Effect of feeding levels of microbial fermented soy protein on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intenstinal morphology in weaned piglets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20, 399\u2013404 (2007).","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12249","volume":"25","author":"FZ Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu, F. Z., Zeng, X. G. & Ding, X. L. Effects of replacing soybean meal with fermented rapeseed meal on performance, serum biochemical variables and intestinal morphology of broilers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25, 1734\u20131741 (2012).","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2007.1874","volume":"20","author":"JH Cho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cho, J. H. et al. Evaluation of FSP (fermented soy protein) to replace soybean meal in weaned pigs: Growth performance, blood urea nitrogen and total protein concentrations in serum and nutrient digestibility. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20, 1874\u20131879 (2007).","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.08.023","volume":"49","author":"R He","year":"2012","unstructured":"He, R. et al. Antioxidant activities of rapeseed peptides produced by solid state fermentation. Food Res. Int. 49, 432\u2013438 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"96117_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-007-1080-2","volume":"84","author":"BZ Shao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shao, B. Z., Zhang, W. & Shi, Y. X. Downstream processes for aqueous enzymatic extraction of rapeseed oil and protein hydrolysates. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc 84, 693\u2013700 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc"},{"key":"96117_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.015","volume":"208","author":"GV Jakobsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jakobsen, G. V., Jensen, B. B., Bach Knudsen, K. E. & Brooks, N. Improving the nutritional value of rapeseed cake and wheatdried distillers grains with solubles by addition of enzymes during liquid fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 208, 198\u2013213 (2015).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"96117_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.04.009","volume":"224","author":"E Tomaszewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomaszewska, E. et al. Dried fermented post-extraction rapeseed meal given to sows as an alternative protein source for soybean meal during pregnancy improves bone development of their offspring. Livest. Sci. 224, 60\u201368 (2019).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8182019x","volume":"81","author":"N Canibe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Canibe, N. & Jensen, B. B. Fermented and non-fermented liquid feed to growing pigs: Effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 2019\u20132031 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.7.3071-3076.2001","volume":"67","author":"RL van Winsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Winsen, R. L. et al. Effect of fermented feed on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs. Appl. Environ. Microb. 67, 3071\u20133076 (2001).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"96117_CR23","first-page":"157","volume":"21","author":"ER Grela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grela, E. R., Czech, A., Kusior, G., Szczotka-Bochniarz, A. & Klebaniuk, R. The effect of feeding system and sex on the performance and selected gastrointestinal features of fattening pigs. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 21, 157\u2013165 (2018).","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.02011.x","volume":"95","author":"JL Kiers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kiers, J. L. et al. Effect of fermented soya beans on diarrhoea and feed efficiency in weaned piglets. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95, 545\u2013552 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"96117_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200242","volume":"15","author":"JR Pluske","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pluske, J. R., Pethick, D. W., Hopwood, D. E. & Hampson, D. J. Nutritional influences on some major enteric bacterial diseases in pigs. Nutr. Res. Rev. 15, 333\u2013371 (2002).","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"96117_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.8051179x","volume":"80","author":"RH Scholten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scholten, R. H. et al. Fermented wheat in liquid diets: Effects on gastrointestinal characteristics in weanling piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 1179\u20131186 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9655-6","volume":"43","author":"TV Thu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thu, T. V., Loh, T. C., Foo, H. L., Yaakub, H. & Bejo, M. H. Effects of liquid metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, feaces characteristics, intestinal morphology and diarrhea incidence in postweaning pigs. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 43, 69\u201375 (2011).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health. Prod."},{"key":"96117_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960046","volume":"76","author":"JR Pluske","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pluske, J. R. et al. Maintenance of villus height and crypt depth, and enhancement of disaccharide digestion and monosaccharide absorption, in piglets fed on cows\u2019 whole milk after weaning. Brit. J. Nutr. 76, 409\u2013422 (1996).","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"96117_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.04.013","volume":"125","author":"TTT Hong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hong, T. T. T., Thuy, T. T., Passoth, V. & Lindberg, J. E. Gut ecology, feed digestion and performance in weaned piglets fed liquid diets. Livest. Sci. 125, 232\u2013237 (2009).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"96117_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.11.016","volume":"98","author":"KS Pedersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedersen, K. S. & Toft, N. Intra- and inter-observer agreement when using a descriptive classification scale for clinical assessment of faecal consistency in growing pigs. Prev. Vet. Med. 98, 288\u2013291 (2011).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"96117_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.05.004","volume":"5","author":"ER Grela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grela, E. R., Czech, A., Kiesz, M., Wlaz\u0142o, \u0141 & Nowakowicz-D\u0119bek, B. A fermented rapeseed meal additive: Effects on production performance, nutrient digestibility, colostrum immunoglobulin content and microbial flora in sows. Anim. Nutr. 5, 373\u2013379 (2019).","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"96117_CR32","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)","year":"2012","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 19th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2012).","edition":"19"},{"key":"96117_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(88)90382-X","volume":"175","author":"IA Vaintraub","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vaintraub, I. A. & Lapteva, N. A. Colorimetric determination of phytate in unpurified extracts of seeds and the products of their processing. Anal Biochem 175, 227\u2013230 (1988).","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"96117_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02787869","volume":"56","author":"KACC Taylor","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taylor, K. A. C. C. A simple colorimetric assay for muramic acid and lactic acid. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 56, 49\u201358 (1996).","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotech."},{"key":"96117_CR35","unstructured":"PN-ISO 10633-1 Oilseed residues - Determination of glucosinolates content -\nMethod using high-performance liquid chromatography; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland,\n(2000)."},{"key":"96117_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(01)00134-0","volume":"36","author":"A Canba\u015f","year":"2001","unstructured":"Canba\u015f, A., Erten, H. & \u00d6z\u015fahin, F. The effects of storage temperature on the chemical composition of hop pellets. Process Biochem. 36, 1053\u20131058 (2001).","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"96117_CR37","unstructured":"ISO 6887-1 Microbiology of the food chain - Preparation of test samples, initial suspension and decimal dilutions for microbiological examination - Part 1: general rules for the preparation of the initial suspension and decimal dilutions. Ed. 2, pp 26, Technical Committee (2017)."},{"key":"96117_CR38","unstructured":"PN-ISO 4833-2:2013-12. Microbiology of the food chain. Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms. Part 2: Colony-Count at 30 Degrees C by the surface plating technique; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, (2013)."},{"key":"96117_CR39","unstructured":"PN-ISO 21527-1:2009. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the enumeration of yeasts and moulds. Part 1: Colony-count technique in products with wather activity greater than 0.95; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, (2009)."},{"key":"96117_CR40","unstructured":"PN-ISO 4832 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs e horizontal method for the enumeration of coliforms - colony-count technique. Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, (2007)."},{"key":"96117_CR41","unstructured":"PN-ISO 16649-2:2004. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Horizontal method for the enumeration of-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli. Part 2: Colony-count technique at 44 C using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-D-glucuronide; Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, (2004)."},{"key":"96117_CR42","unstructured":"PN-EN ISO 7937 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - horizontal method for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens e colony-count technique, Polish Committee for Standardization: Warsaw, Poland, (2005)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96117-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96117-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96117-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T12:49:49Z","timestamp":1670071789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96117-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["96117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-96117-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16952"}}