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In a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Children with DS (2\u201316\u00a0years) were provided either bifocal glasses (add +2.5 Dioptres; n\u2009=\u200950) or unifocal glasses (n\u2009=\u200952). Executive functions were assessed pre- and post-intervention with the task-based Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS) and with questionnaires, BRIEF-P and BRIEF, parents\u2019 and teachers\u2019 version. Intervention effects and associations between executive functions, (near) vision and ocular alignment were analysed. Intervention improved MEFS-Total-scores in the bifocal group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.60) but not in the unifocal group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.191; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.24). Post-intervention, there was no intergroup difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.120; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.34). Post-intervention, higher MEFS-scores were associated with better visual acuities (crowded near <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025; uncrowded near <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019; distant <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045). Pre-post changes in MEFS-scores correlated significantly with improved ocular alignment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040). Exploratory analysis of the questionnaires showed improved teacher-rated BRIEF-scores in both groups (bifocals: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014, Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20091.91; unifocals: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022, Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20091.46), with no intergroup difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.594; Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.23). These results demonstrate positive effects of wearing better-correcting glasses on executive functioning in children with DS, suggesting a link between their visual and executive functioning. However, the relative contributions of distant and near vision need further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96308-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T10:30:05Z","timestamp":1629369005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"de Weger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. 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