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Fifty-four SHRs were divided into two groups: trained and untrained. Each group was further subdivided into three smaller groups: vehicle, treated with pyridostigmine bromide at 5\u00a0mg\/kg\/day, and treated with pyridostigmine bromide at 15\u00a0mg\/kg\/day. The following protocols were assessed: echocardiography, autonomic double pharmacological blockade, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Physical training and pyridostigmine bromide reduced BP and HR and increased vagal participation in cardiac autonomic tonic balance. The associated responses were then potentialized. Treatment with pyridostigmine bromide increased HRV oscillation of both low frequency (LF: 0.2\u20130.75\u00a0Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.75\u20133\u00a0Hz). However, the association with physical training attenuated HF oscillations. Additionally, treatment with pyridostigmine bromide also increased LF oscillations of BPV. Both treatment groups promoted morphofunctional adaptations, and associated increased ejection volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and cardiac index. In conclusion, the association of pyridostigmine bromide and physical training promoted greater benefits in hemodynamic parameters and increased vagal influence on cardiac autonomic tonic balance. Nonetheless, treatment with pyridostigmine bromide alone seems to negatively affect BPV and the association of treatment negatively influences HRV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96505-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T10:46:44Z","timestamp":1629888404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of chronic cholinergic stimulation associated with aerobic physical training on cardiac morphofunctional and autonomic parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Camila B.","family":"Gardim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Catarine","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno A.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella V.","family":"Philbois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo C. 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