{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:33:00Z","timestamp":1782145980380,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21fk0108137s0102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0108137s0102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is a globally wide-spread parasite that infects almost all species of mammals and birds, including humans. We studied the spatial distribution of individual <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-seropositive wild boar in Gifu Prefecture (10,621 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), Japan. Altogether, 744 wild boars were captured at 663 points around human settlements in Gifu Prefecture. Serum samples were collected after recording the exact capture locations, along with each wild boar\u2019s body length and sex. We then used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for swine to measure anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> antibodies in these animals. Among the 744 wild boars, 169 tested positive for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (22.7%). No significant difference in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence was observed between the mountainous northern region with high winter snow cover and the mild-wintered geographical plain of the southern part of the prefecture. In contrast, 8 of the 11 wild boars that were captured in a public park surrounded by residential areas showed <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seropositivity (72.7%), a value significantly higher than those of the wild boar populations in the other prefecture areas. This in-depth analysis, which spans the big city suburbs and rural areas of a whole prefecture, explains the seroprevalence of zoonotic <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in wild boar and has public health implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96758-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T10:05:29Z","timestamp":1629972329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial distribution of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody-positive wild boars in Gifu Prefecture, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Taizo","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itsuki","family":"Ishigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Moribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Kitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"96758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robert-Gangneux, F. & Darde, M. L. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for Toxoplasmosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25, 264\u2013296 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"96758_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.10.006","volume":"36","author":"E VanWormer","year":"2013","unstructured":"VanWormer, E., Fritz, H., Shapiro, K., Mazet, J. A. K. & Conrad, P. A. Molecules to modeling: Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at the human\u2013animal\u2013environment interface. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 36, 217\u2013231 (2013).","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96758_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7254.142","volume":"321","author":"AJC Cook","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cook, A. J. C. Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study Commentary: Congenital toxoplasmosis\u2014further thought for food. BMJ 321, 142\u2013147 (2000).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"96758_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000200009","volume":"38","author":"SM Spalding","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spalding, S. M., Amendoeira, M. R. R., Klein, C. H. & Ribeiro, L. C. Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposure factors among pregnant women in South of Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 38, 173\u2013177 (2005).","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"96758_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1086\/605433","volume":"49","author":"JL Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jones, J. L. et al. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49, 878\u2013884 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96758_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3343-y","volume":"18","author":"AI Egorov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egorov, A. I. et al. Environmental risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections and the impact of latent infections on allostatic load in residents of Central North Carolina. BMC Infect. Dis. 18, 421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3343-y (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96758_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shapiro, K. et al. Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food. Food Waterborne Parasitol. 15, e00049; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fawpar. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar"},{"key":"96758_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2782.1","volume":"97","author":"D Hill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hill, D. et al. Identification of a sporozoite-specific antigen from Toxoplasma gondii. J. Parasitol. 97, 328\u2013337 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"96758_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12015","volume":"44","author":"SA Ballari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ballari, S. A. & Barrios-Garc\u00eda, M. N. A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges: A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet. Mamm. Rev. 44, 124\u2013134 (2014).","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"96758_CR10","first-page":"279","volume":"53","author":"Y Kodera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kodera, Y., Kanzaki, N., Ishikawa, N. & Minagawa, A. Food habits of wild boar (Sus scrofa) inhabiting Iwami District, Shimane Prefecture, western Japan (In Japanese). Mamm. Sci. 53, 279\u2013287 (2013).","journal-title":"Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"96758_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambers, L. K., Singleton, G. R. & Krebs, C. J. Movements and social organization of wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in the wheatlands of northwestern Victoria, Australia. J. Mammal. 81, 59\u201369 (2000).","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/81.1.59"},{"key":"96758_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02348495","volume":"7","author":"T Oka","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oka, T. Home range and mating system of two sympatric field mouse species, Apodemus speciosus and Apodemus argenteus. Ecol. Res. 7, 163\u2013169 (1992).","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"96758_CR13","first-page":"23","volume":"42","author":"H Yatake","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yatake, H., Nashimoto, M., Shimano, K., Matuki, R. & Shiraki, S. Present status and subjects of estimation methods of Japanese hare (Lepus brachyurus) density (in Japanese). Mamm. Sci. 42, 23\u201334 (2002).","journal-title":"Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"96758_CR14","first-page":"385","volume":"31","author":"M Setoguchi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Setoguchi, M. Utilization of holes and home ranges in the Japanese long-tailed mice (Apodemus argenteus) (in Japanese). Jap. J. Ecol. 31, 385\u2013394 (1981).","journal-title":"Jap. J. Ecol."},{"key":"96758_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.013","volume":"244","author":"A Rostami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rostami, A. et al. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among wild boars: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet. Parasitol. 244, 12\u201320 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"96758_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)00189-2","volume":"30","author":"AL Lopez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lopez, A. L., Pineda, E., Garakian, A. & Cherry, J. D. Effect of heat inactivation of serum on Bordetella pertussis antibody determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30, 21\u201324 (1998).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"96758_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taniguchi, Y. et al. A Toxoplasma gondii strain isolated in Okinawa, Japan shows high virulence in Microminipigs. Parasitol. Int. 72, 101935; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2019.101935 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.101935"},{"key":"96758_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-016-0848-z","volume":"17","author":"R Tadano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tadano, R., Nagai, A. & Moribe, J. Local-scale genetic structure in the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax): insights from autosomal microsatellites. Conserv. Genet. 17, 1125\u20131135 (2016).","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"96758_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0083","volume":"82","author":"T Ikeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikeda, T., Asano, M., Kuninaga, N. & Suzuki, M. Monitoring relative abundance index and age ratios of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in small scale population in Gifu Prefecture, Japan during classical swine fever outbreak. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 82, 861\u2013865 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"96758_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5686\/jjzwm.21.35","volume":"21","author":"K Matsuo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsuo, K., Uetsu, H., Takashima, Y. & Abe, N. High Occurrence of Sarcocystis infection in sika deer Cervus nippon centralis and Japanese wild boar Sus scrofa leucomystax and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis and Hepatozoon isolates from their muscles (in Japanese). Jpn. J. Zoo. Wildl. Med. 21, 35\u201340 (2016).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Zoo. Wildl. Med."},{"key":"96758_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ogedengbe, M. E. et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tissue coccidia (sarcocystidae; apicomplexa) based on nuclear 18s rDNA and mitochondrial COI sequences confirms the paraphyly of the genus Hammondia. Parasitol. Open 2, e2; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pao.2015.7 (2016).","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2015.7"},{"key":"96758_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1987.25.2.188","volume":"25","author":"MH Moon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Moon, M. H. Serological cross-reactivity between Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma in pigs. Kor. J. Parasitol. 25, 188\u2013194 (1987).","journal-title":"Kor. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"96758_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J. P. et al. All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: 2009\u20132020. Vet. Parasitol. 288, 109185 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109185"},{"key":"96758_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puchalska, M. et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Strza\u0142owo Forest Division, Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 28, 237\u2013242 (2021).","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/118883"},{"key":"96758_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001586","volume":"147","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dubey, J. P. et al. Genotyping of viable Toxoplasma gondii from the first national survey of feral swine revealed evidence for sylvatic transmission cycle, and presence of highly virulent parasite genotypes. Parasitology 147, 295\u2013302 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"96758_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.11.007","volume":"127","author":"EB Kia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kia, E. B., Mirhendi, H., Rezaeian, M., Zahabiun, F. & Sharbatkhori, M. First molecular identification of Sarcocystis miescheriana (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Iran. Exp. Parasitol. 127, 724\u2013726 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"96758_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.08.015","volume":"212","author":"C Coelho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coelho, C. et al. Unraveling Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis infections in wild boar. Vet. Parasitol. 212, 100\u2013104 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"96758_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06249-2","volume":"118","author":"AL Gazzonis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gazzonis, A. L. et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy. Parasitol. Res. 118, 1271\u20131287 (2019).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"96758_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06521-5","volume":"118","author":"Z Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. Morphological and molecular characterizations of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) in China. Parasitol. Res. 118, 3491\u20133496 (2019).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"96758_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.04.003","volume":"63","author":"K Matsuo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsuo, K. et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, horses, pigs and chickens in Japan. Parasitol. Int. 63, 638\u2013639 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"96758_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2307\/3807917","volume":"45","author":"F Singer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Singer, F., Otto, D., Tipton, A. & Hable, C. Home ranges, movements, and habitat use of European wild boar in Tennessee. J. Wildl. Manag. 45, 343\u2013353 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"96758_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.02.002","volume":"2","author":"T Hollings","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hollings, T., Jones, M., Mooney, N. & McCallum, H. Wildlife disease ecology in changing landscapes: Mesopredator release and toxoplasmosis. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 2, 110\u2013118 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"96758_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maeda, T., Nakashita, R., Shionosaki, K., Yamada, F. & Watari, Y. Predation on endangered species by human-subsidized domestic cats on Tokunoshima Island. Sci. Rep. 9, 16200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52472-3 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52472-3"},{"key":"96758_CR34","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. Quantum GIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http:\/\/www.qgis.org\/en\/site\/ (2021)."},{"key":"96758_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.32","author":"SK Verma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verma, S. K., Lindsay, D. S., Grigg, M. E. & Dubey, J. P. Isolation, culture and cryopreservation of Sarcocystis species. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpmc.32 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"96758_CR36","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2020)."},{"key":"96758_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin, X. et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S + to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12, 77 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96758-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96758-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96758-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T13:02:52Z","timestamp":1670072572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-96758-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["96758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-96758-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17207"}}