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Testing the influence of human disturbance would ideally need experimental approach, however, in cities, this is challenging at relevant spatial and temporal scales. Thus, to better understand the ecological effects of human activity, we exploited the opportunity that the city-wide lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic provided during the spring of 2020. We assessed changes in reproductive success of great tits (<jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>) at two urban habitats affected strikingly differently by the \u2018anthropause\u2019, and at an unaffected forest site. Our results do not support that urban great tits benefited from reduced human mobility during the lockdown. First, at one of our urban sites, the strongly (\u2212\u200944%) reduced human disturbance in 2020 (compared to a long-term reference period) did not increase birds\u2019 reproductive output relative to the forest habitat where human disturbance was low in all years. Second, in the other urban habitat, recreational human activity considerably increased (+\u200940%) during the lockdown and this was associated with strongly reduced nestling body size compared to the pre-COVID reference year. Analyses of other environmental factors (meteorological conditions, lockdown-induced changes in air pollution) suggest that these are not likely to explain our results. Our study supports that intensified human disturbance can have adverse fitness consequences in urban populations. It also highlights that a few months of \u2018anthropause\u2019 is not enough to counterweight the detrimental impacts of urbanization on local wildlife populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96858-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T12:22:07Z","timestamp":1630671727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Contrasting effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban birds\u2019 reproductive success in two cities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Seress","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"S\u00e1ndor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ern\u0151","family":"Vincze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivett","family":"Pipoly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka","family":"Bukor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"\u00c1gh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Liker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"96858_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12677","volume":"24","author":"A Chaudhary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chaudhary, A., Pourfaraj, V. & Mooers, A. 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