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In Australia, it is recommended that eggs should be refrigerated to prevent condensation that can enhance bacterial penetration across the eggshell. Except for the United States, the guidelines on egg refrigeration are not prescriptive. In the current study, in-vitro and in-vivo experiments were conducted to understand the role of egg storage temperatures (refrigerated vs ambient) on bacterial load and the virulence genes expression of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium. The in-vitro egg study showed that the load of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium significantly increased in yolk and albumen stored at 25\u00a0\u00b0C. The gene expression study showed that <jats:italic>ompR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>misL<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pefA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>spvA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>shdA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>bapA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>csgB<\/jats:italic> were significantly up-regulated in the egg yolk stored at 5\u00a0\u00b0C and 25\u00a0\u00b0C for 96\u00a0h; however, an in-vivo study revealed that mice infected with egg yolk stored at 25\u00a0\u00b0C, developed salmonellosis from day 3 post-infection (p.i.). Mice fed with inoculated egg yolk, albumen, or eggshell wash stored at refrigerated temperature did not show signs of salmonellosis during the period of the experiment. Data obtained in this study highlighted the importance of egg refrigeration in terms of improving product safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97135-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T10:06:24Z","timestamp":1631181984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Refrigeration of eggs influences the virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Samiullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"McWhorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia S.","family":"Moyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil K.","family":"Chousalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"97135_CR1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases: Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group 2007\u20132015","author":"World Health O","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health O. 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