{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:31:01Z","timestamp":1792791061011,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research fund (team research project) from Chosun University 2020.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zt9a375","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lyme disease is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by the\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato complex. However, the distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    genospecies and the tissue detection rate of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in wild rodents have rarely been investigated. Here, we studied 27 wild rodents (\n                    <jats:italic>Apodemus agrarius<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) captured in October and November 2016 in Gwangju, South Korea, and performed nested polymerase chain reaction targeting\n                    <jats:italic>pyrG<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ospA<\/jats:italic>\n                    to confirm\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Eight rodents (29.6%) tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. The heart showed the highest infection rate (7\/27; 25.9%), followed by the spleen (4\/27; 14.8%), kidney (2\/27; 7.4%), and lungs (1\/27; 3.7%). The\n                    <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection rate was 25.9%, with the highest rate observed in the heart (7\/27; 25.9%), followed by that in the kidney and spleen (both 2\/27; 7.4%).\n                    <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu stricto were detected only in the spleen (1\/27; 3.7%). This is the first report of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu stricto infection in wild rodents in South Korea. The rodent hearts showed a high\n                    <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection rate, whereas the rodent spleens showed high\n                    <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu stricto infection rates. Besides\n                    <jats:italic>B. garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu stricto may cause Lyme disease in South Korea.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97411-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T06:03:16Z","timestamp":1631599396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["First report of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto detection in a commune genospecies in Apodemus agrarius in Gwangju, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Choon Mee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Wook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Keun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"97411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002","volume":"2","author":"N Rudenko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rudenko, N., Golovchenko, M., Grubhoffer, L. & Oliver, J. H. Jr. Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2, 123\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002 (2011).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"97411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005","volume":"18","author":"ME Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aguero-Rosenfeld, M. E., Wang, G., Schwartz, I. & Wormser, G. P. Diagnosis of lyme borreliosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18, 484\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.18.3.484-509.2005 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"97411_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","volume":"345","author":"AC Steere","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steere, A. C. Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 115\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"97411_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","volume":"379","author":"G Stanek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stanek, G., Wormser, G. P., Gray, J. & Strle, F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 379, 461\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"97411_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182003004694","volume":"129","author":"J Piesman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piesman, J. & Gern, L. Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America. Parasitology 129(Suppl), S191\u2013S220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182003004694 (2004).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"97411_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201200145X","volume":"140","author":"MC James","year":"2013","unstructured":"James, M. C. et al. Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, Scotland. Parasitology 140, 237\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003118201200145X (2013).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"97411_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00130.x","volume":"110","author":"RN Picken","year":"1998","unstructured":"Picken, R. N. et al. Identification of three species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii) among isolates from acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans lesions. J. Investig. Dermatol. 110, 211\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00130.x (1998).","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"97411_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16090","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90","volume":"2","author":"AC Steere","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steere, A. C. et al. Lyme borreliosis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2, 16090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.90 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"97411_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.11.002","volume":"15","author":"LL Chao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chao, L. L., Chen, Y. J. & Shih, C. M. First isolation and molecular identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia afzelii from skin biopsies of patients in Taiwan. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 15, E182\u2013E187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.11.002 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"97411_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyamoto, K., Masuzawa, T. J. L. b. b., epidemiology & control. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Japan and East Asia. 201\u2013222 (2002).","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0201"},{"key":"97411_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.7.1831-1837.1993","volume":"31","author":"KH Park","year":"1993","unstructured":"Park, K. H., Chang, W. H. & Schwan, T. G. Identification and characterization of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, isolated in Korea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 1831\u20131837 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"97411_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02751.x","volume":"46","author":"SH Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. et al. Characterization of Borrelia afzelii isolated from Ixodes nipponensis and Apodemus agrarius in Chungju, Korea, by PCR-rFLP analyses of ospC gene and rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer. Microbiol. Immunol. 46, 677\u2013683 (2002).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"97411_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110866","author":"SY Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, S. Y., Kim, T. K., Kim, T. Y. & Lee, H. I. Geographical Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from wild rodents in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9110866 (2020).","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"97411_CR14","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Infectious Disease Portal. http:\/\/www.kdca.go.kr\/npt\/biz\/npp\/ist\/bass\/bassDissStatsMain.do (accessed on 03 May 2021)."},{"key":"97411_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555565509514","volume":"65","author":"E Asbrink","year":"1985","unstructured":"Asbrink, E., Hovmark, A. & Hederstedt, B. Serologic studies of erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Acta Derm. Venereol. 65, 509\u2013514 (1985).","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"97411_CR16","first-page":"521","volume":"57","author":"AG Barbour","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbour, A. G. Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes. Yale J. Biol. Med. 57, 521\u2013525 (1984).","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"97411_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb04015.x","volume":"51","author":"YJ Choi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Choi, Y. J. et al. First molecular detection of Borrelia afzelii in clinical samples in Korea. Microbiol. Immunol. 51, 1201\u20131207 (2007).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"97411_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.2.346","volume":"174","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johnson, B. J. et al. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: Accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 346\u2013353 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"97411_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.2.370-376.1992","volume":"30","author":"B Ma","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ma, B., Christen, B., Leung, D. & Vigo-Pelfrey, C. Serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by western immunoblot: Reactivity of various significant antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30, 370\u2013376 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"97411_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.5698","volume":"10","author":"E Sapi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sapi, E. et al. Improved culture conditions for the growth and detection of Borrelia from human serum. Int. J. Med. Sci. 10, 362\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.5698 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"97411_CR21","unstructured":"Wang, G. et al. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34, 12C.15.11\u201312C.15.31 (2014)."},{"key":"97411_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.542","volume":"75","author":"DM Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim, D. M. et al. Usefulness of nested PCR for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in clinical practice: A prospective study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 542\u2013545 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"97411_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01298-14","author":"Y Noh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noh, Y. et al. Whole-genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain 935T isolated from Ixodes persulcatus in South Korea. Genome Announc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/genomeA.01298-14 (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"97411_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2008.9.3.285","volume":"9","author":"JS Chae","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chae, J. S. et al. Microbial pathogens in ticks, rodents and a shrew in northern Gyeonggi-do near the DMZ, Korea. J. Vet. Sci. 9, 285\u2013293 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"97411_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050649","author":"MG Seo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seo, M. G., Kwon, O. D. & Kwak, D. Molecular identification of Borrelia afzelii from ticks parasitizing domestic and wild animals in South Korea. Microorganisms. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8050649 (2020).","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"97411_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x","volume":"17","author":"G Stanek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stanek, G. & Reiter, M. The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex\u2014Clinical significance of genomic species?. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 17, 487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"97411_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780109","volume":"80","author":"D Cadavid","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cadavid, D., O\u2019Neill, T., Schaefer, H. & Pachner, A. R. Localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system and other organs in a nonhuman primate model of Lyme disease. Lab. Investig. 80, 1043\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.3780109 (2000).","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"97411_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16749-9","volume":"7","author":"A Grillon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grillon, A. et al. Identification of Borrelia protein candidates in mouse skin for potential diagnosis of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Sci. Rep. 7, 16719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16749-9 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"97411_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.252","volume":"80","author":"KA Craig-Mylius","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig-Mylius, K. A., Lee, M., Jones, K. L. & Glickstein, L. J. Arthritogenicity of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii: Comparison of infection in mice. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80, 252\u2013258 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"97411_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004238","volume":"10","author":"YP Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin, Y. P. et al. Strain-specific variation of the decorin-binding adhesin DbpA influences the tissue tropism of the Lyme disease spirochete. PLoS Pathog. 10, e1004238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004238 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"97411_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.12.027","volume":"186","author":"A Muehlenbachs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muehlenbachs, A. et al. Cardiac tropism of Borrelia burgdorferi: An autopsy study of sudden cardiac death associated with Lyme carditis. Am. J. Pathol. 186, 1195\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.12.027 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"97411_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1108","volume":"174","author":"FR Matuschka","year":"1996","unstructured":"Matuschka, F. R. et al. Risk of urban Lyme disease enhanced by the presence of rats. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 1108\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1108 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"97411_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.3.307","volume":"54","author":"JW Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, J. W. et al. Seroepidemiological survey of zoonotic diseases in small mammals with PCR detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers, Gwangju, Korea. Korean J. Parasitol. 54, 307\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.3.307 (2016).","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-97411-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-97411-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-97411-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T14:42:09Z","timestamp":1699454529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-97411-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["97411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-97411-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18199"}}