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A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1\/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51\u201315.04) and symptom development (p\u2009=\u20090.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01\u20132.07; p\u2009=\u20090.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12\u20132.22; p\u2009=\u20090.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79\u20131.03; p\u2009=\u20090.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV\u2009=\u2009OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22\u20133.50; p\u2009=\u20090.0073; EBV\u2009=\u2009OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1\u201310; p\u2009=\u20090.0447). The prevalence of HIV\/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97707-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T06:02:41Z","timestamp":1631772161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein\u2013Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Leonn Mendes Soares","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"dos Santos Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iran Barros","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor Ten\u00f3rio","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amaury Bentes Cunha","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco L\u00fazio","family":"de Paula Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talita Antonia Furtado","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olinda","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita Catarina Medeiros","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe Bonfim","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor Brasil","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Carlos Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Vallinoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"97707_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00044-10","volume":"24","author":"OA Odumade","year":"2011","unstructured":"Odumade, O. 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