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We use an Experimental Human Pneumococcal Challenge model to investigate pneumococcal colonisation in different anatomical niches with age. Healthy adults (n\u2009=\u2009112) were intranasally inoculated with\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    serotype 6B (Spn6B) and were categorised as young 18\u201355\u00a0years (n\u2009=\u200957) or older\u2009&gt;\u200955\u00a0years (n\u2009=\u200955). Colonisation status (frequency and density) was determined by multiplex qPCR targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>cpsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -6A\/B genes in both raw and culture-enriched nasal wash and oropharyngeal swab samples collected at 2-, 7- and 14-days post-exposure. For older adults, raw and culture-enriched saliva samples were also assessed. 64% of NW samples and 54% of OPS samples were positive for Spn6B in young adults, compared to 35% of NW samples, 24% of OPS samples and 6% of saliva samples in older adults. Many colonisation events were only detected in culture-enriched samples. Experimental colonisation was detected in 72% of young adults by NW and 63% by OPS. In older adults, this was 51% by NW, 36% by OPS and 9% by saliva. The nose, as assessed by nasal wash, is the best niche for detection of experimental pneumococcal colonisation in both young and older adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97807-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T06:03:16Z","timestamp":1631599396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The nose is the best niche for detection of experimental pneumococcal colonisation in adults of all ages, using nasal wash"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elissavet","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther L.","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Blizard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hitchins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherin","family":"Pojar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mitsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Sol\u00f3rzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syba","family":"Sunny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna F.","family":"Gritzfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Rylance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"97807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224203","volume":"336","author":"EK Costello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Costello, E. 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