{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:55:32Z","timestamp":1793382932033,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation Anna M\u00fcller Grocholski"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32003B_146894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_146894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adaptive recovery of cerebral perfusion after pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is sought to be crucial for sustainable rehabilitation of cognitive functions. We therefore examined cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the chronic stage after stroke and its association with cognitive outcome in patients after pediatric AIS. This cross-sectional study investigated CBF and cognitive functions in 14 patients (age 13.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4\u00a0years) after pediatric AIS in the middle cerebral artery (time since AIS was at least 2\u00a0years prior to assessment) when compared with 36 healthy controls (aged 13.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3\u00a0years). Cognitive functions were assessed with neuropsychological tests, CBF was measured with arterial spin labeled imaging in the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral artery (ACA, MCA, PCA). Patients had significantly lower IQ scores and poorer cognitive functions compared to healthy controls (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.026) but mean performance was within the normal range in all cognitive domains. Arterial spin labeled imaging revealed significantly lower CBF in the ipsilesional MCA and PCA in patients compared to healthy controls. Further, we found significantly higher interhemispheric perfusion imbalance in the MCA in patients compared to controls. Higher interhemispheric perfusion imbalance in the MCA was significantly associated with lower working memory performance. Our findings revealed that even years after a\u00a0pediatric stroke in the MCA, reduced ipsilesional cerebral blood flow occurs in the MCA and PCA and that\u00a0interhemispheric imbalance is associated with cognitive performance. Thus, our data suggest that cerebral hypoperfusion might underlie some of the variability observed in long-term outcome after pediatric stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98309-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1632997841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cerebral blood flow and cognitive outcome after pediatric stroke in the middle cerebral artery"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Leonie","family":"Steiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Federspiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Jaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nedelina","family":"Slavova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Wiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Steinlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Grunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regula","family":"Everts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"98309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2009.09.006","volume":"14","author":"AA Mallick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mallick, A. A. & O\u2019Callaghan, F. J. The epidemiology of childhood stroke. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 14, 197\u2013205 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200204000-00002","volume":"15","author":"G deVeber","year":"2002","unstructured":"deVeber, G. Stroke and the child\u2019s brain: An overview of epidemiology, syndromes and risk factors. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 15, 133\u2013138 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001555","volume":"84","author":"B Goeggel Simonetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goeggel Simonetti, B. et al. Long-term outcome after arterial ischemic stroke in children and young adults. Neurology 84, 1941\u20131947 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"98309_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000489","volume":"52","author":"LJ Sutherly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sutherly, L. J. & Malloy, R. Risk factors of pediatric stroke. J. Neurosci. Nurs. 52, 58\u201360 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Nurs."},{"key":"98309_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837658","volume":"36","author":"M Steinlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steinlin, M. et al. The first three years of the Swiss Neuropaediatric Stroke Registry (SNPSR): A population-based study of incidence, symptoms and risk factors. Neuropediatrics 36, 90\u201397 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"98309_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011622","volume":"47","author":"M Greenham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenham, M., Gordon, A., Anderson, V. & Mackay, M. T. Outcome in childhood stroke. Stroke 47, 1159\u20131164 (2016).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"98309_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-923932","volume":"37","author":"J Pavlovic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pavlovic, J. et al. Neuropsychological problems after paediatric stroke: Two year follow-up of Swiss children. Neuropediatrics 37, 13\u201319 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"98309_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.832740","volume":"20","author":"F O'Keeffe","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe, F. et al. Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral outcome following childhood arterial ischemic stroke: Attention deficits, emotional dysregulation, and executive dysfunction. Child Neuropsychol. 20, 557\u2013582 (2014).","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"98309_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040701792383","volume":"14","author":"R Everts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Everts, R. et al. Cognitive functioning, behavior, and quality of life after stroke in childhood. Child Neuropsychol. 14, 323\u2013338 (2008).","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"98309_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000162","volume":"82","author":"M Studer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Studer, M. et al. Factors affecting cognitive outcome in early pediatric stroke. Neurology 82, 784\u2013792 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"98309_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03403.x","volume":"52","author":"R Westmacott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Westmacott, R., Askalan, R., MacGregor, D., Anderson, P. & Deveber, G. Cognitive outcome following unilateral arterial ischaemic stroke in childhood: Effects of age at stroke and lesion location. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 52, 386\u2013393 (2010).","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810380049","volume":"26","author":"B Long","year":"2011","unstructured":"Long, B. et al. Executive function following child stroke: The impact of lesion location. J. Child Neurol. 26, 279\u2013287 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012945","volume":"5","author":"K Jann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jann, K., Kottlow, M., Dierks, T., Boesch, C. & Koenig, T. Topographic electrophysiological signatures of FMRI Resting State Networks. PLoS\u00a0One 5, e12945 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"98309_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000143329.81997.8a","volume":"35","author":"WD Heiss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heiss, W. D., Sobesky, J. & Hesselmann, V. Identifying thresholds for penumbra and irreversible tissue damage. Stroke 35, 2671\u20132674 (2004).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"98309_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707530","volume":"153","author":"RR Moustafa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moustafa, R. R. & Baron, J. C. Pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke: Insights from imaging, and implications for therapy and drug discovery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153(Suppl 1), S44\u2013S54 (2008).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"98309_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.540112","volume":"40","author":"KK Andersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andersen, K. K., Olsen, T. S., Dehlendorff, C. & Kammersgaard, L. P. Hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes compared: Stroke severity, mortality, and risk factors. Stroke 40, 2068\u20132072 (2009).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"98309_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21641","volume":"29","author":"J Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke: Initial experiences. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 29, 282\u2013290 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"98309_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000355889","volume":"37","author":"MM Bulder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bulder, M. M. et al. Arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI in children and young adults with previous ischemic stroke and unilateral intracranial arteriopathy. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 37, 14\u201321 (2014).","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"98309_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.11.009","volume":"1706","author":"C Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Cerebral blood flow features in chronic subcortical stroke: Lesion location-dependent study. Brain Res. 1706, 177\u2013183 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"98309_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/380810","volume":"24","author":"JD Richardson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson, J. D. et al. Cerebral perfusion in chronic stroke: Implications for lesion-symptom mapping and functional MRI. Behav. Neurol. 24, 117\u2013122 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199910)46:4<568::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"46","author":"C Beaulieu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beaulieu, C. et al. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of perfusion and diffusion in stroke: Evolution of lesion volume and correlation with clinical outcome. Ann. Neurol. 46, 568\u2013578 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.04.016","volume":"102","author":"AE Hillis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hillis, A. E. Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in the study of language. Brain Lang. 102, 165\u2013175 (2007).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"98309_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.94","volume":"24","author":"G Rodriguez","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rodriguez, G. et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in chronic stroke patients. Stroke 24, 94\u201399 (1993).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"98309_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030244000356","volume":"16","author":"T Love","year":"2002","unstructured":"Love, T., Swinney, D., Wong, E. & Buxton, R. Perfusion imaging and stroke: A more sensitive measure of the brain bases of cognitive deficits. Aphasiology 16, 873\u2013883 (2002).","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"98309_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790600598816","volume":"12","author":"J Fridriksson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fridriksson, J., Rorden, C., Morgan, P. S., Morrow, K. L. & Baylis, G. C. Measuring the hemodynamic response in chronic hypoperfusion. Neurocase 12, 146\u2013150 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"98309_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24773","volume":"40","author":"O Boukrina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boukrina, O., Barrett, A. M. & Graves, W. W. Cerebral perfusion of the left reading network predicts recovery of reading in subacute to chronic stroke. Hum. Brain Mapp. 40, 5301\u20135314 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"98309_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.3.680","volume":"31","author":"JA Chalela","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chalela, J. A. et al. Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke using continuous arterial spin labeling. Stroke 31, 680\u2013687 (2000).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"98309_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.035","volume":"36","author":"B Bonakdarpour","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonakdarpour, B., Parrish, T. B. & Thompson, C. K. Hemodynamic response function in patients with stroke-induced aphasia: Implications for fMRI data analysis. Neuroimage 36, 322\u2013331 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"98309_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106327","volume":"9","author":"R Wiest","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wiest, R. et al. Interhemispheric cerebral blood flow balance during recovery of motor hand function after ischemic stroke\u2014A longitudinal MRI study using arterial spin labeling perfusion. PLoS\u00a0One 9, e106327 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"98309_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223584","volume":"14","author":"R Leistner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leistner, R. et al. Cerebral blood flow imbalance is associated with motor outcome after pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. PLoS\u00a0One 14, e0223584 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"98309_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.17791\/jcs.2011.12.2.151","volume":"12","author":"E Kilroy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kilroy, E. et al. Relationships between cerebral blood flow and IQ in typically developing children and adolescents. J. Cogn. Sci. (Seoul) 12, 151\u2013170 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Sci. (Seoul)"},{"key":"98309_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25938","volume":"48","author":"JB De Vis","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Vis, J. B. et al. Arterial-spin-labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI predicts cognitive function in elderly individuals: A 4-year longitudinal study. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 48, 449\u2013458 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"98309_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-10-4029","volume":"108","author":"JJ Strouse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strouse, J. J. et al. Inverse correlation between cerebral blood flow measured by continuous arterial spin-labeling (CASL) MRI and neurocognitive function in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Blood 108, 379\u2013381 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"98309_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.7.PEDS19312","author":"K Kazumata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kazumata, K. et al. Association of cognitive function with cerebral blood flow in children with moyamoya disease. J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.7.PEDS19312 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"98309_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.4.1035","volume":"49","author":"JK Rosenbaum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, J. L., Almli, C. R., Yundt, K. D., Altman, D. I. & Powers, W. J. Higher neonatal cerebral blood flow correlates with worse childhood neurologic outcome. Neurology, 49, 1035\u20131041 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"98309_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0309-1","volume":"15","author":"S Kornfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kornfeld, S. et al. Cortical reorganisation of cerebral networks after childhood stroke: Impact on outcome. BMC Neurol. 15, 90 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"98309_CR37","volume-title":"Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-4)","author":"L Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown, L., Sherbenov, R. J. & Johnsen, S. K. Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-4) 4th edn. (PRO-ED, 2010).","edition":"4"},{"key":"98309_CR38","volume-title":"Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr Kinder\u2014IV (HAWIK-IV)","author":"F Petermann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petermann, F. & Petermann, U. Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr Kinder\u2014IV (HAWIK-IV) (Hans Huber, 2012)."},{"key":"98309_CR39","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"F Petermann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petermann, F. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th edn. (Pearson, 2012).","edition":"4"},{"key":"98309_CR40","volume-title":"Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung: TAP (Version 2.1)","author":"P Zimmermann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zimmermann, P. & Fimm, B. Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung: TAP (Version 2.1) (Psytest, 2008)."},{"key":"98309_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102191","volume":"10","author":"DC Delis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E. & Holdnack, J. Reliability and validity of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: An update. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 10, 301\u2013303 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"98309_CR42","volume-title":"Verbaler Lern- und Merkf\u00e4higkeitstest: VLMT","author":"CA Helmstaedter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Helmstaedter, C. A., Lendt, M. & Lux, S. Verbaler Lern- und Merkf\u00e4higkeitstest: VLMT (Beltz Test, 2001)."},{"key":"98309_CR43","volume-title":"The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration: Administration, scoring, and teaching manual","author":"KE Beery","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beery, K. E. & Beery, N. A. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration: Administration, scoring, and teaching manual 5th edn. (NCS Pearson, 2004).","edition":"5"},{"key":"98309_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055347","volume":"8","author":"K Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, K. et al. Topological organization of functional brain networks in healthy children: Differences in relation to age, sex, and intelligence. PLoS\u00a0One 8, e55347 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"98309_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21790","volume":"60","author":"W Dai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dai, W., Garcia, D., de Bazelaire, C. & Alsop, D. C. Continuous flow-driven inversion for arterial spin labeling using pulsed radio frequency and gradient fields. Magn. Reson. Med. 60, 1488\u20131497 (2008).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"98309_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10372","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Pediatric perfusion imaging using pulsed arterial spin labeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 18, 404\u2013413 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"98309_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20462","volume":"22","author":"RB Buxton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Buxton, R. B. Quantifying CBF with arterial spin labeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 22, 723\u2013726 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"98309_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0434-5","volume":"113","author":"A Federspiel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Federspiel, A., Muller, T. J., Horn, H., Kiefer, C. & Strik, W. K. Comparison of spatial and temporal pattern for fMRI obtained with BOLD and arterial spin labeling. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna) 113, 1403\u20131415 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"98309_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197","volume":"73","author":"DC Alsop","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alsop, D. C. et al. Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia. Magn. Reson. Med. 73, 102\u2013116 (2015).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"98309_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000289813","volume":"29","author":"AP Appelman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Appelman, A. P., van der Graaf, Y., Vincken, K. L., Mali, W. P. & Geerlings, M. I. Combined effect of cerebral hypoperfusion and white matter lesions on executive functioning\u2014The SMART-MR study. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 29, 240\u2013247 (2010).","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"98309_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002064","volume":"33","author":"H Yao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yao, H. & Fujishima, M. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in silent brain infarction and related cerebrovascular disorders. Ann. Med. 33, 98\u2013102 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"98309_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/35084005","volume":"412","author":"NK Logothetis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T. & Oeltermann, A. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412, 150\u2013157 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"98309_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1161\/str.30.5.1150\/a","volume":"30","author":"JC Baron","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baron, J. C. & Marchal, G. Ischemic core and penumbra in human stroke. Stroke 30, 1150\u20131153 (1999).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"98309_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0408-0","volume":"13","author":"ST Carmichael","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carmichael, S. T. The 3 Rs of stroke biology: Radial, relayed, and regenerative. Neurotherapeutics 13, 348\u2013359 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"98309_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.044","volume":"73","author":"J Crinion","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crinion, J., Holland, A. L., Copland, D. A., Thompson, C. K. & Hillis, A. E. Neuroimaging in aphasia treatment research: Quantifying brain lesions after stroke. Neuroimage 73, 208\u2013214 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"98309_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.008","volume":"51","author":"KP Brumm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brumm, K. P. et al. An arterial spin labeling investigation of cerebral blood flow deficits in chronic stroke survivors. Neuroimage 51, 995\u20131005 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"98309_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407309545","volume":"14","author":"JJ Ohab","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ohab, J. J. & Carmichael, S. T. Poststroke neurogenesis: Emerging principles of migration and localization of immature neurons. Neuroscientist 14, 369\u2013380 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"98309_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2011.581537","volume":"36","author":"B Long","year":"2011","unstructured":"Long, B. et al. Executive function following child stroke: The impact of lesion size. Dev. Neuropsychol. 36, 971\u2013987 (2011).","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"98309_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117361","volume":"223","author":"L Steiner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steiner, L. et al. Functional topography of the thalamo-cortical system during development and its relation to cognition. Neuroimage 223, 117361 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"98309_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20523","volume":"30","author":"R Everts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Everts, R. et al. Strengthening of laterality of verbal and visuospatial functions during childhood and adolescence. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 473\u2013483 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"98309_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.010","volume":"153","author":"J Remer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Remer, J. et al. Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1\u20136\u00a0years of age. Neuroimage 153, 246\u2013261 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"98309_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.037","volume":"63","author":"SC Deoni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deoni, S. C., Dean, D. C. 3rd., O\u2019Muircheartaigh, J., Dirks, H. & Jerskey, B. A. Investigating white matter development in infancy and early childhood using myelin water faction and relaxation time mapping. Neuroimage 63, 1038\u20131053 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"98309_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007","volume":"29","author":"AW Toga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toga, A. W., Thompson, P. M. & Sowell, E. R. Mapping brain maturation. Trends Neurosci. 29, 148\u2013159 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"98309_CR64","first-page":"1227","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"ER Kandel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessell, T. M. Principles of Neural Science 4th edn, 1227\u20131246 (McGraw-Hill, 2000).","edition":"4"},{"key":"98309_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12355","volume":"91","author":"S Nouwens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nouwens, S., Groen, M. A., Kleemans, T. & Verhoeven, L. How executive functions contribute to reading comprehension. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 91, 169\u2013192 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"98309_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091262","volume":"256","author":"RP Bokkers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bokkers, R. P. et al. Symptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Impairment of cerebral autoregulation measured at the brain tissue level with arterial spin-labeling MR imaging. Radiology 256, 201\u2013208 (2010).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"98309_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000166178.40973.a7","volume":"36","author":"A Krainik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krainik, A., Hund-Georgiadis, M., Zysset, S. & von Cramon, D. Y. Regional impairment of cerebrovascular reactivity and BOLD signal in adults after stroke. Stroke 36, 1146\u20131152 (2005).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"98309_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.007","volume":"37","author":"CJ Curry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Curry, C. J. et al. Risk factors for perinatal arterial stroke: A study of 60 mother-child pairs. Pediatr. Neurol. 37, 99\u2013107 (2007).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98309-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98309-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98309-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T15:57:52Z","timestamp":1670083072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98309-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-98309-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19421"}}