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This makes it difficult to assess the duration of the unloading phase after a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) or breakpoint after a progressive-ratio (PR) self-administration session. In addition, 3\u20135\u00a0days of training under the PR schedule results in a dramatic and persistent increase in the rate of presses during PR sessions and in the unloading phase following FR1 self-administration sessions. The goals of this study were to find the definition of the last press demarcating the border between the unloading and remission phases of the session and to determine if this border was also affected by PR training. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine under the FR1 schedule and then under the PR schedule of drug delivery. Distributions of inter-press intervals (IPIs) during the unloading phase in sessions before and after PR training were compared. It was found that the distribution of cocaine-induced IPIs during the unloading phase was lognormal, bimodal, and independent of previously injected cocaine unit doses. The first mode represented intervals within the short bouts of stereotypic presses and the second mode represented intervals between bouts. The two modes were approximately 0.7\u00a0s and 21\u00a0s during unloading prior to and 0.6\u00a0s and 1.5\u00a0s after PR self-administration training. The total number of presses per unloading phase increased eightfold. When the FR1 schedule was restored, the intervals between bouts remained very short for at least 7\u201310\u00a0days and only then started a gradual increase towards baseline levels. The last unloading press was defined as the press followed by the IPI longer than the defined criterion. PR training resulted in a substantial and long-lasting increase in lever-pressing activity during unloading. The duration of the unloading phase did not depend on the rate of lever-pressing activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98313-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T17:14:08Z","timestamp":1633367648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dramatic increase in lever-pressing activity in rats after training on the progressive ratio schedule of cocaine self-administration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vladimir L.","family":"Tsibulsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"98313_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050182","volume":"129","author":"ME Carroll","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carroll, M. 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