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Thus, the use of innovative therapeutic drugs is being assessed. Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor with anticancer effects. In vitro antitumoral activity of Bortezomib was investigated employing human tongue (SCC-15, CAL-27), pharynx (FaDu), salivary gland (A-253) cancer cell lines and a murine cell line (SALTO-5) originated from a salivary gland adenocarcinoma arising in BALB-<jats:italic>neu<\/jats:italic>T male mice transgenic for the oncogene neu. Bortezomib inhibited cell proliferation, triggered apoptosis, modulated the expression and activation of pro-survival signaling transduction pathways proteins activated by ErbB receptors and inhibited proteasome activity in vitro. Intraperitoneal administration of Bortezomib delayed tumor growth of SALTO-5 cells transplanted in BALB-<jats:italic>neu<\/jats:italic>T mice, protracted mice survival and adjusted tumor microenvironment by increasing tumor-infiltrating immune cells (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and Natural Killer cells) and by decreasing vessels density. In addition, Bortezomib modified the expression of proteasome structural subunits in transplanted SALTO-5 cells. Our findings further support the use of Bortezomib for the treatment of HNC and reveal its ineffectiveness in counteracting the activation of deregulated specific signaling pathways in HNC cell lines when resistance to proteasome inhibition is developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98450-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T20:06:05Z","timestamp":1632945965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Proteasome inhibition by bortezomib parallels a reduction in head and neck cancer cells growth, and an increase in tumor-infiltrating immune cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Benvenuto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ciuffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Focaccetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Sbardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Scimeca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia Raffaella","family":"Tundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Barillari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Segni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Manzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Modesti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Masuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Coletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"98450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1715715","volume":"382","author":"LQM Chow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chow, L. 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