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This process is mainly mediated through cytokines, which amplify graft immunogenicity. We investigated the immunological response in a brain death liver donor model and analysed the effects of thalidomide, a drug with powerful immunomodulatory properties. Brain death was induced in male Lewis rats. We studied three groups: Control (sham-operated rats in which trepanation was performed without inserting the balloon catheter), BD (rats subjected to brain death by increasing intracranial pressure) and BD\u2009+\u2009Thalid (BD rats receiving thalidomide after brain death). After 6\u00a0h, serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH, and ALP as well as systemic and hepatic levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL1-\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-10 were analysed. We also determined the mRNA expression of MHC Class I and Class II, NF-\u03baB, and macrophage infiltration. NF-\u03baB was also examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Thalidomide treatment significantly reduced serum levels of hepatic enzymes and TNF-\u03b1, IL-1-\u03b2, and IL-6. These cytokines were evaluated at either the mRNA expression or protein level in liver tissue. In addition, thalidomide administration resulted in a significant reduction in macrophages, MHC Class I and Class II, and NF-\u03baB activation. This study reveals that thalidomide significantly inhibited the immunologic response and graft immunogenicity, possibly through suppression of NF-\u03baB activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98538-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T06:03:06Z","timestamp":1632808986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunomodulatory effects of thalidomide in an experimental brain death liver donor model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexandre Chagas","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellington","family":"Andraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe Miranda Oliveira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Dell\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Pepineli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edvaldo Leal","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristoforo","family":"Scavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"de S\u00e1 Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Degaspari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Brasil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davi Jorge Fontoura","family":"Solla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane Moreira","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina Andrighetti","family":"de Oliveira-Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Aparecida","family":"Nepomuceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Manuel","family":"P\u00eago-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan Gunther","family":"Tullius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberval Gadelha","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"98538_CR1","unstructured":"International registry in organ donation and transplantation (IRODaT) data base. http:\/\/www.irodat.org (2021)."},{"key":"98538_CR2","first-page":"145","volume":"11","author":"M Alfishawy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alfishawy, M., Elbendary, A., Mohamed, M. & Nassar, M. 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