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The study was conducted in the framework of the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS)\u00a0on 6504 adults, aged\u2009\u2265\u200935\u00a0years, and free of MetS at baseline. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used for assessing usual dietary intakes. MetS was defined according to the Joint Scientific Statement. Mixed-effects logistic regression was applied to examine the associations between changes in weekly frequency consumption of protein and MetS status. After a median follow-up of 11.25\u00a0years, in multivariate-adjusted model, each additional frequency consumption of total protein intake (OR\u20090.83; 95% CI 0.81\u20130.85), animal protein (OR\u20090.80; 95% CI 0.77\u20130.83), plant protein (OR\u20090.70; 95% CI 0.64\u20130.76), red meat (OR\u20090.74; 95% CI 0.70\u20130.78), poultry (OR\u20090.73; 95% CI 0.68\u20130.78), egg (OR\u20090.79; 95% CI 0.72\u20130.88) and nuts and seeds (OR\u20090.77; 95% CI 0.71\u20130.84) was associated with\u00a0reduced risk of MetS. No significant association was found for processed meat (OR\u20090.96; 95% CI 0.87\u20131.01) and legumes and soy (OR\u20090.96; 95% CI 0.86\u20131.07) with MetS. Our results suggest an independent inverse association between total protein, animal and plant protein and the risk of MetS. These associations did not differ by sex. Although our results can be considered to be a strategy to reduce MetS risk by dietary guidelines, randomized clinical trials are required to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98688-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T10:25:07Z","timestamp":1632911107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The long-term association of different dietary protein sources with metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Parisa","family":"Hajihashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razieh","family":"Hassannejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Haghighatdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noushin","family":"Mohammadifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Roohafza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firoozeh","family":"Sajjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nizal","family":"Sarrafzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"98688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/943162","author":"J Kaur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaur, J. 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