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We evaluated in vitro the effect of strains of Gram-negative uropathogenic species (two <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> strains, three <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> strains, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>) on motility, viability, mitochondrial oxidative status, DNA fragmentation and caspase activity of human spermatozoa. All strains, except <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, reduced significantly sperm motility, with variable effects. Sperm Immobilizing Factor (SIF) was largely responsible for deteriorating effects on sperm motility of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains since they were completely reverted by knockout of SIF coding <jats:italic>recX<\/jats:italic> gene. Sequence alignment for RecX showed the presence of high homologous sequences in <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic> but not in <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa.<\/jats:italic> These results suggest that, in addition to <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>, other common uropathogenic Gram-negative bacteria affect sperm motility through RecX products. In addition to sperm motility, the <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strain ATCC 35218 also affected sperm viability, and induced caspase activity, oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation suggesting an interspecies variability in the amount and\/or type of the produced spermatotoxic factors. In general, our results highlight the need for a careful evaluation of semen infections in the diagnostic process of the infertile man.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98710-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T10:03:06Z","timestamp":1632823386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of common Gram-negative pathogens causing male genitourinary-tract infections on human sperm functions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Marchiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Baccani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Tamburrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Mattiuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bonaiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Panico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Vignozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-0434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Maria","family":"Rossolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Torcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"98710_CR1","unstructured":"Aitken, R.J. 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