{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:56:06Z","timestamp":1791197766988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["403224013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403224013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007210","name":"RWTH Aachen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the known functional relationship between the gut and the liver, the clinical consequences of this circuit remain unclear. We assessed the hepatobiliary phenotype of cohorts with celiac disease (CeD), Crohn\u00b4s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Baseline liver function tests and the frequency of hepatobiliary diseases were analyzed in 2377 CeD, 1738 CD, 3684 UC subjects and 488,941 controls from the population-based UK Biobank cohort. In this cohort study associations were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, and alcohol consumption. Compared to controls, cohorts with CeD, but not CD\/UC displayed higher AST\/ALT values. Subjects with CD\/UC but not CeD had increased GGT levels. Elevated ALP and cholelithiasis were significantly more common in all intestinal disorders. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were enriched in CeD and CD (NASH: <jats:sup>t<\/jats:sup>aOR\u2009=\u20094.9 [2.2\u201311.0] in CeD, aOR\u2009=\u20094.2 [1.7\u201310.3] in CD, HCC: aOR\u2009=\u20094.8 [1.8\u201313.0] in CeD, aOR\u2009=\u20095.9 [2.2\u201316.1] in CD), while cholangitis was more common in the CD\/UC cohorts (aOR\u2009=\u200911.7 [9.1\u201315.0] in UC, aOR\u2009=\u20093.5 [1.8\u20136.8] in CD). Chronic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and cirrhosis were more prevalent in all intestinal disorders. In UC\/CD, a history of intestinal surgery was associated with elevated liver enzymes and increased occurrence of gallstones (UC: aOR\u2009=\u20092.9 [2.1\u20134.1], CD: 1.7 [1.2\u20132.3]). Our data demonstrate that different intestinal disorders predispose to distinct hepatobiliary phenotypes. An increased occurrence of liver cirrhosis, NASH, AIH and HCC and the impact of surgery warrant further exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98843-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T10:25:59Z","timestamp":1633602359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hepatobiliary phenotype of individuals with chronic intestinal disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Voss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin V.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Kleinjans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Trautwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Strnad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"98843_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z","volume":"15","author":"A Tripathi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tripathi, A. et al. The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 397\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","volume":"24","author":"A Wahlstrom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wahlstrom, A., Sayin, S. I., Marschall, H. U. & Backhed, F. Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metab. 24, 41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"98843_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.007","volume":"67","author":"R Wiest","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiest, R., Albillos, A., Trauner, M., Bajaj, J. S. & Jalan, R. Targeting the gut-liver axis in liver disease. J. Hepatol. 67, 1084\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.007 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316670","volume":"68","author":"L Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao, L. et al. Intestinal dysbiosis augments liver disease progression via NLRP3 in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 68, 1477\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316670 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"98843_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31311","author":"G Dean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dean, G., Hanauer, S. & Levitsky, J. The role of the intestine in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis: Evidence and therapeutic implications. Hepatology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31311 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"98843_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8","volume":"391","author":"B Lebwohl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lebwohl, B., Sanders, D. S. & Green, P. H. R. Coeliac disease. Lancet 391, 70\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"98843_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.098","author":"B Lebwohl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lebwohl, B. & Rubio-Tapia, A. Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of celiac disease. Gastroenterology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.098 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"98843_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070892","author":"I Hoffmanova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoffmanova, I., Sanchez, D., Tuckova, L. & Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H. Celiac disease and liver disorders: From putative pathogenesis to clinical implications. Nutrients https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10070892 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"98843_CR9","first-page":"833","volume":"22","author":"MT Bardella","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bardella, M. T. et al. Prevalence of hypertransaminasemia in adult celiac patients and effect of gluten-free diet. Hepatology 22, 833\u2013836 (1995).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"98843_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13372","volume":"42","author":"B Zanini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zanini, B. et al. Randomised clinical study: Gluten challenge induces symptom recurrence in only a minority of patients who meet clinical criteria for non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 42, 968\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.13372 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"98843_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21949","volume":"46","author":"A Rubio-Tapia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rubio-Tapia, A. & Murray, J. A. The liver in celiac disease. Hepatology 46, 1650\u20131658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21949 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"98843_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.020","volume":"61","author":"J Wakim-Fleming","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wakim-Fleming, J. et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in cirrhosis and outcome of cirrhosis on a gluten free diet: A prospective study. J. Hepatol. 61, 558\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.020 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000172","volume":"26","author":"NM van Gerven","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Gerven, N. M. et al. Seroprevalence of celiac disease in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 26, 1104\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000172 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20047","volume":"19","author":"D Villalta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villalta, D. et al. High prevalence of celiac disease in autoimmune hepatitis detected by anti-tissue tranglutaminase autoantibodies. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19, 6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.20047 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"98843_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","volume":"389","author":"J Torres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torres, J., Mehandru, S., Colombel, J. F. & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. Crohn\u2019s disease. Lancet 389, 1741\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"98843_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","volume":"389","author":"R Ungaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ungaro, R., Mehandru, S., Allen, P. B., Peyrin-Biroulet, L. & Colombel, J. F. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet 389, 1756\u20131770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"98843_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24247","volume":"53","author":"NA Molodecky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Molodecky, N. A. et al. Incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 53, 1590\u20131599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.24247 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"98843_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-011-0282-1","volume":"5","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nakamura, K. et al. Hepatopancreatobiliary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. J. Gastroenterol. 5, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12328-011-0282-1 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70507-x","volume":"116","author":"MA Brink","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brink, M. A. et al. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin: A putative mechanism for pigment gallstone formation in ileal Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 116, 1420\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70507-x (1999).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"98843_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","volume":"17","author":"A Lavelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lavelle, A. & Sokol, H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 223\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21537","volume":"45","author":"F Parente","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parente, F. et al. Incidence and risk factors for gallstones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A large case-control study. Hepatology 45, 1267\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21537 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"98843_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13265","volume":"37","author":"S Restellini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Restellini, S., Chazouilleres, O. & Frossard, J. L. Hepatic manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases. Liver Int. 37, 475\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.13265 (2017).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"98843_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30670","volume":"69","author":"K Cusi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cusi, K. Incretin-based therapies for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hepatology 69, 2318\u20132322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30670 (2019).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"98843_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05644.x","volume":"97","author":"SP Dourakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dourakis, S. P., Sevastianos, V. A. & Kaliopi, P. Acute severe steatohepatitis related to prednisolone therapy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, 1074\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05644.x (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.03379.x","volume":"94","author":"T Nanki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nanki, T., Koike, R. & Miyasaka, N. Subacute severe steatohepatitis during prednisolone therapy for systemic lupus erythematosis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94, 3379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.03379.x (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.06.013","volume":"27","author":"M Kummen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kummen, M., Schrumpf, E. & Boberg, K. M. Liver abnormalities in bowel diseases. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 27, 531\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.06.013 (2013).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1866","volume":"48","author":"H Miura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miura, H., Kawaguchi, T., Takazoe, M., Kitamura, S. & Yamada, H. Hepatocellular carcinoma and Crohn\u2019s disease: A case report and review. Intern. Med. 48, 815\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1866 (2009).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"98843_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003","volume":"23","author":"M Mahfouz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahfouz, M., Martin, P. & Carrion, A. F. Hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 23, 191\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"98843_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","volume":"562","author":"C Bycroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bycroft, C. et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 562, 203\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"98843_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.001","volume":"23","author":"A Rubio-Tapia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rubio-Tapia, A. & Murray, J. A. The liver and celiac disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 23, 167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2018.12.001 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"98843_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.192","volume":"110","author":"NE Castillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castillo, N. E. et al. Prevalence of abnormal liver function tests in celiac disease and the effect of a gluten-free diet in the US population. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 1216\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2015.192 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20160","volume":"13","author":"JP Gisbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gisbert, J. P. et al. Liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease: Long-term follow-up study of 786 patients. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13, 1106\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.20160 (2007).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"98843_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz043","volume":"25","author":"ZY Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou, Z. Y., Shen, B. & Fan, J. G. Systematic review with meta-analysis: epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 25, 1764\u20131772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izz043 (2019).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"98843_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.013","volume":"62","author":"NR Reilly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reilly, N. R., Lebwohl, B., Hultcrantz, R., Green, P. H. & Ludvigsson, J. F. Increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after diagnosis of celiac disease. J. Hepatol. 62, 1405\u20131411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.013 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005","volume":"160","author":"A Corti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corti, A., Belcastro, E., Dominici, S., Maellaro, E. & Pompella, A. The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an \u201cantioxidant\u201d enzyme. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 160, 807\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005 (2020).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"98843_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13221","volume":"36","author":"SK Kunutsor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kunutsor, S. K. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-friend or foe within?. Liver Int. 36, 1723\u20131734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.13221 (2016).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"98843_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12734","volume":"47","author":"HH Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, H. H., Liu, M., Li, X., Portincasa, P. & Wang, D. Q. Impaired intestinal cholecystokinin secretion, a fascinating but overlooked link between coeliac disease and cholesterol gallstone disease. Eur. J. Clin. Invest 47, 328\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.12734 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"98843_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa189","author":"A Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, A., Roth, H., Anyane-Yeboa, A., Rubin, D. T. & Paul, S. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaa189 (2020).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"98843_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","volume":"67","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karlsen, T. H., Folseraas, T., Thorburn, D. & Vesterhus, M. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A comprehensive review. J. Hepatol. 67, 1298\u20131323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.021","volume":"151","author":"AK Lunder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lunder, A. K. et al. Prevalence of sclerosing cholangitis detected by magnetic resonance cholangiography in patients with long-term inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 151, 660\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.021 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"98843_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21219","volume":"16","author":"U Navaneethan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Navaneethan, U. & Shen, B. Hepatopancreatobiliary manifestations and complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 16, 1598\u20131619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.21219 (2010).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"98843_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.564","volume":"112","author":"A Mark-Christensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mark-Christensen, A. et al. Increased risk of gallstone disease following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 473\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2016.564 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2018-000201","volume":"5","author":"GKT Holmes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holmes, G. K. T. & Muirhead, A. Mortality in coeliac disease: A population-based cohort study from a single centre in Southern Derbyshire, UK. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 5, e000201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2018-000201 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"98843_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.09.034","volume":"5","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ludvigsson, J. F., Elfstrom, P., Broome, U., Ekbom, A. & Montgomery, S. M. Celiac disease and risk of liver disease: A general population-based study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.09.034 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"98843_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1241","volume":"30","author":"R Erichsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erichsen, R. et al. Hepatobiliary cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A scandinavian population-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 30, 886\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1241 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"98843_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02351-9","author":"I Behrendt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Behrendt, I., Fasshauer, M. & Eichner, G. Gluten intake and metabolic health: Conflicting findings from the UK Biobank. Eur. J. Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-020-02351-9 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"98843_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.028","volume":"158","author":"ID Croall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Croall, I. D., Sanders, D. S., Hadjivassiliou, M. & Hoggard, N. Cognitive deficit and white matter changes in persons with celiac disease: A population-based study. Gastroenterology 158, 2112\u20132122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.028 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98843-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98843-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98843-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T16:25:32Z","timestamp":1670084732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-98843-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["98843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-98843-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19954"}}