{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:02:20Z","timestamp":1772136140723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAID supported Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]},{"name":"Funds from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute"},{"name":"NIH CTSA","award":["5UL1TR001433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UL1TR001433"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research for Influenza Pathogenesis"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007457","name":"JPB Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"Open Philanthropy Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-215611 (5384)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-215611 (5384)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Particulate respirators such as N95s are an essential component of personal protective equipment (PPE) for front-line workers. This study describes a rapid and effective UVC irradiation system that would facilitate the safe re-use of N95 respirators and provides supporting information for deploying UVC for decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the inactivation potential of the proposed UVC germicidal device as a function of time by using 3\u00a0M 8211-N95 particulate respirators inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. A germicidal UVC device to deliver tailored UVC dose was developed and test coupons (2.5\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of the 3\u00a0M-N95 respirator were inoculated with 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    plaque-forming units (PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 and were UV irradiated. Different exposure times were tested (0\u2013164\u00a0s) by fixing the distance between the lamp and the test coupon to 15.2\u00a0cm while providing an exposure of at least 5.43\u00a0mWcm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Primary measure of outcome was titration of infectious virus recovered from virus-inoculated respirator test coupons after UVC exposure. Other measures included the method validation of the irradiation protocol, using lentiviruses (biosafety level-2 agent) and establishment of the germicidal UVC exposure protocol. An average of 4.38\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    PFU\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (SD 772.68) was recovered from untreated test coupons while 4.44\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    PFU\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (SD 203.67), 4.00\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    PFU\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (SD 115.47), 1.56\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    PFU\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (SD 76.98) and 4.44\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    PFU\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (SD 76.98) was recovered in exposures 2, 6, 18 and 54\u00a0s per side respectively. The germicidal device output and positioning was monitored and a minimum output of 5.43 mW\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    was maintained. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 was not detected by plaque assays (minimal level of detection is 67 PFU\u00a0ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) on N95 respirator test coupons when irradiated for 120\u00a0s per side or longer suggesting 3.5 log reduction in 240\u00a0s of irradiation, 1.3 J\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . A scalable germicidal UVC device to deliver tailored UVC dose for rapid decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 was developed. UVC germicidal irradiation of N95 test coupons inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 for 120\u00a0s per side resulted in 3.5 log reduction of virus. These data support the reuse of N95 particle-filtrate apparatus upon irradiation with UVC and supports use of UVC-based decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99431-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T06:25:59Z","timestamp":1633587959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Scalable, effective, and rapid decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated N95 respirators using germicidal ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation device"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Raveen","family":"Rathnasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert F.","family":"Karlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schotsaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattheos","family":"Koffas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte L.","family":"Arduini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Jangra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alnaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Vashishth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priti","family":"Balchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"99431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C. & Garry, R. F. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450\u2013452 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"99431_CR2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19-pandemic (2021)."},{"key":"99431_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805774669943","volume":"95","author":"D Almond","year":"2005","unstructured":"Almond, D. & Mazumder, B. The 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent health outcomes: An analysis of SIPP data. Am. Econ. Rev. 95, 258\u2013262 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"99431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104830","volume":"1","author":"JC Rubio-Romero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rubio-Romero, J. C., del Carmen Pardo-Ferreira, M., Garc\u00eda, J. A. T. & Calero-Castro, S. Disposable masks: Disinfection and sterilization for reuse, and non-certified manufacturing, in the face of shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Saf. Sci. 1, 104830 (2020).","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"99431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220925768","volume":"245","author":"DJ Perkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perkins, D. J. et al. COVID-19 global pandemic planning: Decontamination and reuse processes for N95 respirators. Exp. Biol. Med. 245, 933\u2013939 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"99431_CR6","unstructured":"WHO. Shortage of personal protective equipment endangereing health workers worldwide. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide. (2020)"},{"key":"99431_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4770","volume":"323","author":"H Bauchner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bauchner, H., Fontanarosa, P. B. & Livingston, E. H. Conserving supply of personal protective equipment\u201d a call for ideas. JAMA 323, 1911\u20131911 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"99431_CR8","volume-title":"Stability of SARS Coronavirus in Human Specimens and Environment and its Sensitivity to Heating and UV Irradiation","author":"JHX Dong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dong, J. H. X. Stability of SARS Coronavirus in Human Specimens and Environment and its Sensitivity to Heating and UV Irradiation (Springer, 2003)."},{"key":"99431_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1086\/433186","volume":"41","author":"MY Lai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lai, M. Y., Cheng, P. K. & Lim, W. W. Survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, e67\u2013e71 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"99431_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","volume":"382","author":"N Van Doremalen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Doremalen, N. et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1564\u20131567 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"99431_CR11","first-page":"7","volume":"133","author":"JG Derraik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Derraik, J. G., Anderson, W. A., Connelly, E. A. & Anderson, Y. C. Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process. MedRxiv 133, 7 (2020).","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"99431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022","volume":"104","author":"G Kampf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S. & Steinmann, E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J. Hosp. Infect. 104, 246\u2013251 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"99431_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01418-7","volume":"17","author":"S Riddell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riddell, S., Goldie, S., Hill, A., Eagles, D. & Drew, T. W. The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces. Virol. J. 17, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"99431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30095-1","volume":"1","author":"AW Chin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chin, A. W. & Poon, L. L. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions: Authors\u2019 reply. Lancet Microbe 1, e146 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"99431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.201788","author":"B Pastorino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pastorino, B., Touret, F., Gilles, M., de Lamballerie, X. & Charrel, R. N. Prolonged infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in fomites. Emerg. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2609.201788 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"99431_CR16","first-page":"93","volume":"24","author":"D Viscusi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Viscusi, D., King, W. & Shaffer, R. Effect of decontamination on the filtration efficiency of two filtering facepiece respirator models. J. Int. Soc. Respir. Protect. 24, 93 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Respir. Protect."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"99431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000089211","volume":"212","author":"H Kariwa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kariwa, H., Fujii, N. & Takashima, I. Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents. Dermatology 212(Suppl 1), 119\u2013123 (2006).","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"99431_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-004-0219-0","volume":"194","author":"H Rabenau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rabenau, H. et al. Stability and inactivation of SARS coronavirus. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 194, 1\u20136 (2005).","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"99431_CR19","first-page":"815","volume":"53","author":"DJ Viscusi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Viscusi, D. J., Bergman, M. S., Eimer, B. C. & Shaffer, R. E. Evaluation of five decontamination methods for filtering facepiece respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 53, 815\u2013827 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"99431_CR20","volume-title":"Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook: UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection","author":"W Kowalski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kowalski, W. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook: UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection (Springer, 2010)."},{"key":"99431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.06.006","volume":"121","author":"ME Darnell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Darnell, M. E., Subbarao, K., Feinstone, S. M. & Taylor, D. R. Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV. J. Virol. Methods 121, 85\u201391 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"99431_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"M Lindblad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindblad, M., Tano, E., Lindahl, C. & Huss, F. Ultraviolet-C decontamination of a hospital room: Amount of UV light needed. Burns 1, 1\u201310 (2019).","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"99431_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14244","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.14244-14252.2005","volume":"79","author":"CD Lytle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lytle, C. D. & Sagripanti, J. L. Predicted inactivation of viruses of relevance to biodefense by solar radiation. J. Virol. 79, 14244\u201314252 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"99431_CR24","first-page":"92","volume":"56","author":"MB Lore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lore, M. B., Heimbuch, B. K., Brown, T. L., Wander, J. D. & Hinrichs, S. H. Effectiveness of three decontamination treatments against influenza virus applied to filtering facepiece respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 56, 92\u2013101 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"99431_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.07.004","volume":"39","author":"BK Heimbuch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heimbuch, B. K. et al. A pandemic influenza preparedness study: Use of energetic methods to decontaminate filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with H1N1 aerosols and droplets. Am. J. Infect. Control 39, e1\u2013e9 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"99431_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1018518","volume":"12","author":"WG Lindsley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindsley, W. G. et al. Effects of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) on N95 respirator filtration performance and structural integrity. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 12, 509\u2013517 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"99431_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20573","volume":"3","author":"M Carocci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carocci, M. & Bakkali-Kassimi, L. The encephalomyocarditis virus. Virulence 3, 351\u2013367 (2012).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"99431_CR28","unstructured":"CDC. Strategies for optimizing the supply of N95 Respirators. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/respirators-strategy\/index.html (2021)."},{"issue":"1","key":"99431_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.07.014","volume":"106","author":"SG O\u2019Hearn Katie","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Hearn Katie, S. G. et al. Decontaminating N95 and SN95 masks with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) does not impair mask efficacy and safety: A systematic review. J. Hosp. Infect. 106(1), 163\u2013175 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"99431_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80098-3","volume":"11","author":"SB Kasloff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasloff, S. B., Leung, A., Strong, J. E., Funk, D. & Cutts, T. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on critical personal protective equipment. Sci. Rep. 11, 1\u20137 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"99431_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500105","volume":"125","author":"NG Reed","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reed, N. G. The history of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for air disinfection. Public Health Rep. 125, 15\u201327 (2010).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"99431_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212332","volume":"14","author":"E Bl\u00e1zquez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bl\u00e1zquez, E. et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the SurePure Turbulator ultraviolet-C irradiation equipment on inactivation of different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses inoculated in commercially collected liquid animal plasma. PLoS ONE 14, e0212332 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99431_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2018.01.018","volume":"126","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Nogariya, O., Shionoiri, N., Maeda, Y. & Arakaki, A. Integrated molecular analysis of the inactivation of a non-enveloped virus, feline calicivirus, by UV-C radiation. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 126, 63\u201368 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"99431_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-017-1917-0","volume":"44","author":"SM Meunier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meunier, S. M., Sasges, M. R. & Aucoin, M. G. Evaluating ultraviolet sensitivity of adventitious agents in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44, 893\u2013909 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"99431_CR35","first-page":"15","volume":"11","author":"WJ Kowalski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kowalski, W. J., Bahnfleth, W. & Hernandez, M. T. A genomic model for predicting the ultraviolet susceptibility of viruses. IUVA News 11, 15\u201328 (2009).","journal-title":"IUVA News"},{"key":"99431_CR36","unstructured":"M Science. Decontamination of 3M filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 respirators in the United States: Considerations. https:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/1824869O\/decontamination-methods-for-3m-filtering-facepiece-respirators-technical-bulletin.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"99431_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz060","volume":"63","author":"CD Vuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vuma, C. D., Manganyi, J., Wilson, K. & Rees, D. The effect on fit of multiple consecutive donning and doffing of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Ann. Work Exposures Health 63, 930\u2013936 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Work Exposures Health"},{"key":"99431_CR38","unstructured":"DC-Pandemic planning. Recommended guidance for Extended use and limited reuse of N95 filtering facepiece respirators in healthcare settings. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/hcwcontrols\/recommendedguidanceextuse.html (2021)."},{"key":"99431_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.05.003","volume":"40","author":"MS Bergman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergman, M. S. et al. Impact of multiple consecutive donnings on filtering facepiece respirator fit. Am. J. Infect. Control 40, 375\u2013380 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99431-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99431-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99431-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T11:28:12Z","timestamp":1670066892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99431-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-99431-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.10.05.20206953","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A patent application has been submitted by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on the use of UVC sterilization devices for viral inactivation. None of the authors have a financial interest in the commercialization of the UVC system described in this paper. The Garc\u00eda-Sastre Laboratory has received research support from Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, Blade Therapeutics, Avimex, Accurius, Dynavax, Kenall Manufacturing, ImmunityBio and Nanocomposix; and A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and\/or stock: Vivaldi Biosciences, Pagoda, Contrafect, Vaxalto, Accurius, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Esperovax and Farmak. There is no other financial or non-financial conflict of interest by the rest of the authors apart from currently declared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19970"}}