{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T19:57:02Z","timestamp":1794513422478,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H03504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H03504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSA1703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSA1703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Improving geothermal systems through hydraulic stimulation to create highly permeable fractured rocks can induce seismicity. Therefore, the technique must be applied at a moderate intensity; this has led to concerns of insufficient permeability enhancement. Adding chemical stimulation can mitigate these issues, but traditional methods using strong mineral acids have challenges in terms of achieving mineral dissolution over long distances and highly variable fluid chemistry. Here, we demonstrate a novel chemical stimulation method for improving the permeability of rock fractures using a chelating agent that substantially enhances the dissolution rate of specific minerals to create voids that are sustained under crustal stress without the challenges associated with the traditional methods. Applying this agent to fractured granite samples under confining stress at 200\u00a0\u00b0C in conjunction with 20 wt% aqueous solutions of sodium salts of environmentally friendly chelating agents (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2032, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2032-triacetic acid and <jats:italic>N, N<\/jats:italic>-bis(carboxymethyl)-<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-glutamic acid) at pH 4 was assessed. A significant permeability enhancement of up to approximately sixfold was observed within 2\u00a0h, primarily due to the formation of voids based on the selective dissolution of biotite. These results demonstrate a new approach for chemical stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99511-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T10:25:59Z","timestamp":1633602359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Novel chemical stimulation for geothermal reservoirs by chelating agent driven selective mineral dissolution in fractured rocks"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kumano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Akaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Tamagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Komai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"99511_CR1","volume-title":"The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century","author":"JW Tester","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tester, J. W., Anderson, B. J., Batchelor, A. S. & Blackwell, D. D. The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century Vol. 209 (MIT Press, 2006)."},{"key":"99511_CR2","first-page":"4","volume":"1","author":"K Breede","year":"2013","unstructured":"Breede, K., Dzebisashvili, K., Liu, X. & Falcone, G. A systematic review of enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems: Past, present and future. GTE 1, 4 (2013).","journal-title":"GTE"},{"key":"99511_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2009.07.001","volume":"38","author":"S Portier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Portier, S., Vuataz, F.-D., Nami, P., Sanjuan, B. & G\u00e9rard, A. Chemical stimulation techniques for geothermal wells: Experiments on the three-well EGS system at Soultz-sous-For\u00eats, France. Geothermics 38, 349\u2013359 (2009).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"99511_CR4","first-page":"1529","volume":"35","author":"PA Siratovich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siratovich, P. A., Sass, I., Homuth, S. & Bjornsson, A. Thermal stimulation of geothermal reservoirs and laboratory investigation of thermally induced fractures. GRC Trans. 35, 1529\u20131535 (2011).","journal-title":"GRC Trans."},{"key":"99511_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2014.07.011","volume":"72","author":"MW McClure","year":"2014","unstructured":"McClure, M. W. & Horne, R. N. An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in enhanced geothermal systems. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 72, 242\u2013260 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"99511_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2015.08.009","volume":"63","author":"TT Cladouhos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cladouhos, T. T. et al. Results from newberry volcano EGS demonstration, 2010\u20132014. Geothermics 63, 44\u201361 (2016).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"99511_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.05.250","volume":"191","author":"S Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, S. et al. First Hydraulic stimulation in fractured geothermal reservoir in Pohang PX-2 well. Procedia Eng. 191, 829\u2013837 (2017).","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"99511_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.10.086","volume":"142","author":"J Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Chemical stimulation on the hydraulic properties of artificially fractured granite for enhanced geothermal system. Energy 142, 754\u2013764 (2018).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"99511_CR9","first-page":"14","volume":"8","author":"JI Farquharson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farquharson, J. I., Kushnir, A. R. L. & Wild, B. Physical property evolution of granite during experimental chemical stimulation. GTE 8, 14 (2020).","journal-title":"GTE"},{"key":"99511_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2019.101772","volume":"85","author":"Y Lucas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lucas, Y., Ngo, V. V., Cl\u00e9ment, A., Fritz, B. & Sch\u00e4fer, G. Modelling acid stimulation in the enhanced geothermal system of Soultz-sous-For\u00eats (Alsace, France). Geothermics 85, 101772 (2020).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"99511_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.80.5.784","volume":"80","author":"N Deichmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deichmann, N. & Giardini, D. Earthquakes induced by the stimulation of an enhanced geothermal system below Basel (switzerland). Seismol. Res. Lett. 80, 784\u2013798 (2009).","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"99511_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2014.06.005","volume":"52","author":"A Zang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zang, A. et al. Analysis of induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs\u2014An overview. Geothermics 52, 6\u201321 (2014).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"99511_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2010","volume":"360","author":"F Grigoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grigoli, F. et al. The November 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake: A possible case of induced seismicity in South Korea. Science 360, 1003\u20131006 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"99511_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6081","volume":"360","author":"K-H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, K.-H. et al. Assessing whether the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event. Science 360, 1007\u20131009 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"99511_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.04.062","volume":"91","author":"K-I Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, K.-I. et al. Protocol for induced microseismicity in the first enhanced geothermal systems project in Pohang, Korea. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 91, 1182\u20131191 (2018).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"99511_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7224","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav7224","volume":"5","author":"G Kwiatek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwiatek, G. et al. Controlling fluid-induced seismicity during a 6.1-km-deep geothermal stimulation in Finland. Sci. Adv. 5, 7224 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"99511_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(84)92681-0","volume":"21","author":"RJ Pine","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pine, R. J. & Batchelor, A. S. Downward migration of shearing in jointed rock during hydraulic injections. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 21, 249\u2013263 (1984).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"99511_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(99)00045-0","volume":"28","author":"R Baria","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baria, R., Baumg\u00e4rtner, J., Rummel, F., Pine, R. J. & Sato, Y. HDR\/HWR reservoirs: Concepts, understanding and creation. Geothermics 28, 533\u2013552 (1999).","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"99511_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.208","volume":"26","author":"M Rahman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Hossain, M. & Rahman, S. A shear-dilation-based model for evaluation of hydraulically stimulated naturally fractured reservoirs. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 26, 469\u2013497 (2002).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"99511_CR20","first-page":"B04203","volume":"110","author":"KF Evans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Evans, K. F., Genter, A. & Sausse, J. Permeability creation and damage due to massive fluid injections into granite at 3.5 km at Soultz: 1. Borehole observations. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 110, B04203 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"99511_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2119","volume":"37","author":"K Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Z. & Ghassemi, A. Modeling three-dimensional hydraulic fracture propagation using virtual multidimensional internal bonds. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 37, 2021\u20132038 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"99511_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9009","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016045","volume":"123","author":"Z Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye, Z. & Ghassemi, A. Injection-induced shear slip and permeability enhancement in granite fractures. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 123, 9009\u20139032 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"99511_CR23","first-page":"W06412","volume":"44","author":"N Watanabe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watanabe, N., Hirano, N. & Tsuchiya, N. Determination of aperture structure and fluid flow in a rock fracture by a high-resolution numerical modeling on the basis of a flow-through experiment under confining pressure. Water Resour. Res. 44, W06412 (2008).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"99511_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.02.005","volume":"281","author":"K Nemoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nemoto, K., Watanabe, N., Hirano, N. & Tsuchiya, N. Direct measurement of contact area and stress dependence of anisotropic flow through rock fracture with heterogeneous aperture distribution. EPSL 281, 81\u201387 (2009).","journal-title":"EPSL"},{"key":"99511_CR25","first-page":"B04208","volume":"114","author":"N Watanabe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Watanabe, N., Hirano, N. & Tsuchiya, N. Diversity of channeling flow in heterogeneous aperture distribution inferred from integrated experimental-numerical analysis on flow through shear fracture in granite. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 114, B04208 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"99511_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011555","volume":"120","author":"T Ishibashi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ishibashi, T., Watanabe, N., Hirano, N., Okamoto, A. & Tsuchiya, N. Beyond-laboratory-scale prediction for channeling flows through subsurface rock fractures with heterogeneous aperture distributions revealed by laboratory evaluation. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120, 106\u2013124 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"99511_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069478","volume":"43","author":"T Ishibashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ishibashi, T., Watanabe, N., Asanuma, H. & Tsuchiya, N. Linking microearthquakes to fracture permeability change: The role of surface roughness. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 7486\u20137493 (2016).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"99511_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/183230-MS","author":"J Ulloa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ulloa, J. & Abdellatif, I. State-of-the-art environmentally friendly stimulation technology applied on tight carbonates on the Black Sea yields higher production than expected. SPE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2118\/183230-MS (2016).","journal-title":"SPE."},{"key":"99511_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2118\/185464-MS","author":"W Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez, W. et al. Field treatment of an injector well in a sandstone formation using a low corrosive environmentally friendly fluid that does not require flow-back. SPE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2118\/185464-MS (2017).","journal-title":"SPE."},{"key":"99511_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5535","volume":"204","author":"CN Fredd","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fredd, C. N. & Fogler, H. S. The influence of chelating agents on the kinetics of calcite dissolution. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 204, 187\u2013197 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"99511_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2592-6","volume":"21","author":"ISS Pinto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinto, I. S. S., Neto, I. F. F. & Soares, H. M. V. M. Biodegradable chelating agents for industrial, domestic, and agricultural applications\u2014A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. 21, 11893\u201311906 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut."},{"key":"99511_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-016-0279-x","volume":"7","author":"M Mahmoud","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahmoud, M., Elkatatny, S. & Abdelgawad, K. Z. Using high- and low-salinity seawater injection to maintain the oil reservoir pressure without damage. J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 7, 589\u2013596 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"99511_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freiner, W. W., Fredd, C. N. & Chang, F. Hydroxyaminocarboxylic acids produce superior formulations for matrix stimulation of carbonates at high temperatures. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition (2001).","DOI":"10.2118\/71696-MS"},{"key":"99511_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LePage, J. N., De Wolf, C., Bemelaar, J. & Nasr-El-Din, H. A. An environmentally friendly stimulation fluid for high temperature applications. In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry (2009).","DOI":"10.2118\/121709-MS"},{"key":"99511_CR35","first-page":"12","volume":"31","author":"K Sokhanvarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sokhanvarian, K., Nasr-El-Din, H. A. & de Wolf, C. A. Thermal stability of oilfield aminopolycarboxylic acids\/salts. SPE Prod. Oper. 31, 12\u201321 (2016).","journal-title":"SPE Prod. Oper."},{"key":"99511_CR36","first-page":"60","volume":"441","author":"S Ishihara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ishihara, S. Aji stone: The historical and modern use, and its geologic background. Chishitsu News 441, 60\u201367 (1991).","journal-title":"Chishitsu News"},{"key":"99511_CR37","first-page":"34","volume":"441","author":"M Sasada","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sasada, M. Inada granite. Chishitsu News 441, 34\u201340 (1991).","journal-title":"Chishitsu News"},{"key":"99511_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5575\/geosoc.117.S21","volume":"117","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takahashi, Y., Miyazaki, K. & Nishioka, Y. Plutonic rocks and metamorphic rocks in the Tsukuba Mountains. J. Geol. Soc. Jpn. 117, 21\u201331 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"99511_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4157\/grj.84.131","volume":"84","author":"Y Takaya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takaya, Y. Experimental study on alteration characteristics during chemical weathering of granite. Geogr. Rev. Jpn. Ser. A 84, 131\u2013144 (2011).","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev. Jpn. Ser. A"},{"key":"99511_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12520","volume":"502","author":"G Tanaka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanaka, G., Hou, X., Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364\u2013367 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"99511_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.04.028","volume":"139","author":"S Gudbrandsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gudbrandsson, S., Wolff-Boenisch, D., Gislason, S. R. & Oelkers, E. H. Experimental determination of plagioclase dissolution rates as a function of its composition and pH at 22 \u00b0C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 139, 154\u2013172 (2014).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"99511_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.04.048","volume":"164","author":"AW Bray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bray, A. W. et al. The effect of pH, grain size, and organic ligands on biotite weathering rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 164, 127\u2013145 (2015).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"99511_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00019","volume":"2","author":"FK Crundwell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crundwell, F. K. On the mechanism of the dissolution of quartz and silica in aqueous solutions. ACS Omega 2, 1116\u20131127 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"99511_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.02.004","volume":"191","author":"G Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan, G. et al. A review of feldspar alteration and its geological significance in sedimentary basins: From shallow aquifers to deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. Earth Sci. Rev. 191, 114\u2013140 (2019).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"99511_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s11631-019-00347-9","volume":"38","author":"Y Zang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zang, Y., Rimstidt, D. J., Huang, Y. & Zhu, C. Kyanite far from equilibrium dissolution rate at 0\u201322 \u00b0C and pH of 3.5\u20137.5. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 472\u2013480 (2019).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99511-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99511-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99511-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T16:30:37Z","timestamp":1670085037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99511-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-99511-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19994"}}