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We compared steroid production by investigating enzymes involved in red deer uterine steroid metabolism in reproductive seasons. Blood and uteri (endometrium and myometrium) were collected <jats:italic>post mortem<\/jats:italic> from hinds on 4th day (N\u2009=\u20098), 13th day of the cycle (N\u2009=\u20098), anestrus (N\u2009=\u20098) and pregnancy (N\u2009=\u20098). The expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450), 3 -beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3\u03b2-HSD), 17 -beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17\u03b2-HSD), aldo\u2013keto reductase family 1 C1 (AKR1C1), estrogen receptor alpha (ER\u03b1), and progesterone receptors (PRs), were analyzed using real-time-PCR and Western Blotting. Plasma samples were assayed for 17-beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T4) concentrations by EIA. Hinds at the beginning of the estrous cycle, mainly in endometrium, were characterized by a high mRNA expression of 3\u03b2-HSD, AKR1C1, PRs and ER\u03b1, contrary to the expression in myometrium during pregnancy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). For P4, E2, and FSH, concentration was the highest during the 13th day of the estrous cycle (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Uterine steroid production and output in hinds as a representative seasonally reproduced ruminant occurred mainly during the estrous cycle and sustained in anestrus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99601-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T10:18:43Z","timestamp":1633947523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Regulation of uterine function during estrous cycle, anestrus phase and pregnancy by steroids in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angelika M.","family":"Kotlarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Grzyb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna J.","family":"Korzekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"99601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00143.x","volume":"18","author":"CL Adam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adam, C. 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