{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:59:42Z","timestamp":1783479582472,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-1812301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-1812301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Reconstructing the behavior of extinct species is challenging, particularly for those with no living analogues. However, damage preserved as paleopathologies on bone can record how an animal moved in life, potentially reflecting behavioral patterns. Here, we assess hypothesized etiologies of pathology in a pelvis and associated right femur of a\n                    <jats:italic>Smilodon fatalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    saber-toothed cat, one of the best-studied species from the Pleistocene-age Rancho La Brea asphalt seeps, California, USA, using visualization by computed tomography (CT). The pelvis exhibits massive destruction of the right hip socket that was interpreted, for nearly a century, to have developed from trauma and infection. CT imaging reveals instead that the pathological distortions characterize chronic remodeling that began at birth and led to degeneration of the joint over the animal\u2019s life. These results suggest that this individual suffered from hip dysplasia, a congenital condition common in domestic dogs and cats. This individual reached adulthood but could not have hunted properly nor defended territory on its own, likely relying on a social group for feeding and protection. While extant social felids are rare, these fossils and others with similar pathologies are consistent with a spectrum of social strategies in\n                    <jats:italic>Smilodon<\/jats:italic>\n                    supported by a predominance of previous studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99853-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T06:02:44Z","timestamp":1635400964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in the extinct Pleistocene saber-tooth cat Smilodon"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mairin A.","family":"Balisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie M.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Klapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"99853_CR1","volume-title":"Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Werdelin, L. et al. (eds) Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018)."},{"key":"99853_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2003)029<0561:TAOLMR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"29","author":"LM Spencer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spencer, L. M., Van Valkenburgh, B. & Harris, J. M. Taphonomic analysis of large mammals recovered from the Pleistocene Rancho La Brea tar seeps. Paleobiology 29, 561\u2013575 (2003).","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"99853_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502554112","volume":"113","author":"B Van Valkenburgh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C. & Roth, V. L. The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 862\u2013867 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"99853_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.06.059","volume":"29","author":"LRG DeSantis","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeSantis, L. R. G. et al. Causes and consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions as revealed from Rancho La Brea mammals. Curr. Biol. 29, 2488-2495.e2 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"99853_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0131","volume":"1","author":"C Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown, C., Balisi, M. A., Shaw, C. A. & Van Valkenburgh, B. Skeletal trauma reflects hunting behaviour in extinct sabre-tooth cats and dire wolves. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1\u20137 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"99853_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1866","volume":"6","author":"D Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor, D., Hazenberg, J. G. & Lee, T. C. Living with cracks: Damage and repair in human bone. Nat. Mater. 6, 263\u2013268 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"99853_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2012.09.004","volume":"2","author":"BM Rothschild","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rothschild, B. M. & Diedrich, C. G. Pathologies in the extinct Pleistocene Eurasian steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810)\u2013Results of fights with hyenas, bears and lions and other ecological stresses. Int. J. Paleopathol. 2, 187\u2013198 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"99853_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-013-1018-5","volume":"100","author":"DA Iurino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iurino, D. A., Fico, R., Petrucci, M. & Sardella, R. A pathological Late Pleistocene canid from San Sidero (Italy): Implications for social- and feeding-behaviour. Naturwissenschaften 100, 235\u2013243 (2013).","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"99853_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9858","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9858","volume":"8","author":"H Tong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tong, H. et al. Hypercarnivorous teeth and healed injuries to Canis chihliensis from Early Pleistocene Nihewan beds, China, support social hunting for ancestral wolves. PeerJ 8, e9858 (2020).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"99853_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(30)91109-9","volume":"9","author":"RL Moodie","year":"1930","unstructured":"Moodie, R. L. Pleistocene luxations. Am. J. Surg. 9, 348\u2013362 (1930).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"99853_CR11","first-page":"121","volume":"1","author":"S Shermis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shermis, S. Healed massive pelvic fracture in a Smilodon from Rancho La Brea, California. PaleoBios 1, 121\u2013126 (1983).","journal-title":"PaleoBios"},{"key":"99853_CR12","volume-title":"Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth","author":"CA Shaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaw, C. A. & Ware, C. S. Smilodon paleopathology: A summary of research at Rancho La Brea. In Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth (eds Werdelin, L. et al.) (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018)."},{"key":"99853_CR13","first-page":"267","volume":"59","author":"N Toledo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toledo, N., Cassini, G. H., Vizca\u00edno, S. F. & Bargo, M. S. Mass estimation of Santacrucian sloths from the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 59, 267\u2013280 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"99853_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10384","volume":"266","author":"P Christiansen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Christiansen, P. & Harris, J. M. Body size of Smilodon (Mammalia: Felidae). J. Morphol. 266, 369\u2013384 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"99853_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb01922.x","volume":"231","author":"W Anyonge","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anyonge, W. Body mass in large extant and extinct carnivores. J. Zool. 231, 339\u2013350 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"99853_CR16","unstructured":"Riser, W. H., Rhodes, W. H. & Newton, C. D. Hip dysplasia. in Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics (J.B. Lippincott Company, 1985)."},{"key":"99853_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198712000-00007","volume":"225","author":"SL Weinstein","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weinstein, S. L. Natural history of congenital dislocation and dysplasia. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 225, 62\u201376 (1987).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"99853_CR18","first-page":"32","volume":"23","author":"R Creel","year":"1961","unstructured":"Creel, R. Congenital hip dysplasia. Iowa State Univ. Vet. 23, 32\u201333 (1961).","journal-title":"Iowa State Univ. Vet."},{"key":"99853_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00597.x","volume":"39","author":"BDX Lascelles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lascelles, B. D. X. Feline degenerative joint disease. Vet. Surg. 39, 2\u201313 (2010).","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"99853_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16631227","volume":"18","author":"K Perry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perry, K. Feline hip dysplasia: A challenge to recognise and treat. J. Feline Med. Surg. 18, 203\u2013218 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"99853_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122558","volume":"10","author":"N Bartolom\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bartolom\u00e9, N. et al. A genetic predictive model for canine hip dysplasia: integration of Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) and candidate gene approaches. PLoS ONE 10, 1\u201313 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99853_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e131219","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/b3b1ad62-b95a-4c99-8885-806ef66347df","volume":"5","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. et al. Differential genetic regulation of canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. PLoS ONE 5, e131219 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99853_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.25.793","volume":"157","author":"SP Clarke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clarke, S. P. et al. Prevalence of radiographic signs of degenerative joint disease in a hospital population of cats. Vet. Rec. 157, 793\u2013799 (2005).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"99853_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.1678","volume":"217","author":"RD Kealy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kealy, R. D. et al. Evaluation of the effect of limited food consumption on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217, 1678\u20131680 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"99853_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00375.x","volume":"40","author":"GG Keller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Keller, G. G., Reed, A. L., Lattimer, J. C. & Corley, E. A. Hip dysplasia: A feline population study. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 40, 460\u2013464 (1999).","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"99853_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37186-2","volume":"9","author":"M Low","year":"2019","unstructured":"Low, M. et al. Demography, heritability and genetic correlation of feline hip dysplasia and response to selection in a health screening programme. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"99853_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1997.tb01203.x","volume":"35","author":"D Wharton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wharton, D. & Mainka, S. A. Management and husbandry of the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Int. Zoo Yearb. 35, 139\u2013147 (1997).","journal-title":"Int. Zoo Yearb."},{"key":"99853_CR28","unstructured":"Suedmeyer, W. K., Cook, J. L., Tomlinson, J. L. & Crouch, D. T. Bilateral total hip replacement in a snow leopard (Uncia uncia) with bilateral hip dysplasia. in International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine (2000)."},{"key":"99853_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1638\/05-078.1","volume":"37","author":"DP Whiteside","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whiteside, D. P., Remedios, A. M., Black, S. R. & Finn-Bodner, S. T. Meloxicam and surgical denervation of the coxofemoral joint for the treatment of degenerative osteoarthritis in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 37, 416\u2013419 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"99853_CR30","first-page":"279","volume":"29","author":"BM Rothschild","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rothschild, B. M., Rothschild, C. & Woods, R. J. Inflammatory arthritis in large cats: An expanded spectrum of spondyloarthropathy. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 29, 279\u2013284 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"99853_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0019R2.1","volume":"49","author":"JE Napier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Napier, J. E., Lund, M. S., Armstrong, D. L. & McAloose, D. A retrospective study of morbidity and mortality in the North American Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) population in zoologic institutions from 1992 to 2014. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 49, 70\u201378 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"99853_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"JF Eisenberg","year":"1966","unstructured":"Eisenberg, J. F. The social organisation of mammals. Handb. Zool. 10, 1\u201392 (1966).","journal-title":"Handb. Zool."},{"key":"99853_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2010.05.001","volume":"43","author":"V Torregrosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torregrosa, V., Petrucci, M., P\u00e9rez-Claros, J. A. & Palmqvist, P. Nasal aperture area and body mass in felids: Ecophysiological implications and paleobiological inferences. Geobios 43, 653\u2013661 (2010).","journal-title":"Geobios"},{"key":"99853_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300004966","volume":"2","author":"WJ Gonyea","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gonyea, W. J. Behavioral implications of saber-toothed felid morphology. Paleobiology 2, 332\u2013342 (1976).","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"99853_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1666\/10036.1","volume":"38","author":"JA Meachen-Samuels","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meachen-Samuels, J. A. Morphological convergence of the prey-killing arsenal of sabertooth predators. Paleobiology 38, 1\u201314 (2012).","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"99853_CR36","volume-title":"The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations","author":"GB Schaller","year":"1972","unstructured":"Schaller, G. B. The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations (University of Chicago Press, 1972)."},{"key":"99853_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x","volume":"250","author":"KU Karanth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karanth, K. U. & Sunquist, M. E. Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), and dhole in Nagarahole, India. J. Zool. Lond. 250, 255\u2013265 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Zool. Lond."},{"key":"99853_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000338670","volume":"79","author":"BM Arsznov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arsznov, B. M. & Sakai, S. T. Pride diaries: Sex, brain size and sociality in the African lion (Panthera leo) and cougar (Puma concolor). Brain. Behav. Evol. 79, 275\u2013289 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Evol."},{"key":"99853_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000069752","volume":"61","author":"S McCall","year":"2003","unstructured":"McCall, S., Naples, V. & Martin, L. D. Assessing behavior in extinct animals: Was Smilodon social?. Brain. Behav. Evol. 61, 159\u2013164 (2003).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Evol."},{"key":"99853_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0008","volume":"5","author":"C Kiffner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiffner, C. Coincidence or evidence: Was the sabretooth cat Smilodon social?. Biol. Lett. 5, 561\u2013562 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"99853_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505913113","volume":"113","author":"S Benson-Amram","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benson-Amram, S., Dantzer, B., Stricker, G., Swanson, E. M. & Holekamp, K. E. Brain size predicts problem-solving abilities in mammalian carnivores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 2532\u20132537 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"99853_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00099","volume":"10","author":"ST Sakai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakai, S. T., Arsznov, B. M., Hristova, A. E., Yoon, E. J. & Lundrigan, B. L. Big cat coalitions: A comparative analysis of regional brain volumes in Felidae. Front. Neuroanat. 10, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"99853_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.10.037","volume":"413","author":"V Vinuesa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vinuesa, V. et al. Inferences of social behavior in bone-cracking hyaenids (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) based on digital paleoneurological techniques: Implications for human\u2013carnivoran interactions in the Pleistocene. Quat. Int. 413, 7\u201314 (2016).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"99853_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"131","author":"GJ Miller","year":"1968","unstructured":"Miller, G. J. On the distribution of Smilodon californicus Bovard from Rancho La Brea. Los Angeles Cty. Museum Contrib. Sci. 131, 1\u201319 (1968).","journal-title":"Los Angeles Cty. Museum Contrib. Sci."},{"key":"99853_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0526","volume":"5","author":"C Carbone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carbone, C. et al. Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon. Biol. Lett. 5, 81\u201385 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"99853_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0261","volume":"5","author":"B Van Valkenburgh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Valkenburgh, B. et al. Sociality in Rancho La Brea Smilodon: Arguments favour \u2018evidence\u2019 over \u2018coincidence\u2019. Biol. Lett. 5, 563\u2013564 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"99853_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2002)022[0164:SDSBAI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"22","author":"B Van Valkenburgh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Valkenburgh, B. & Sacco, T. Sexual dimorphism, social behavior, and intrasexual competition in large Pleistocene carnivorans. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 22, 164\u2013169 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"99853_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011412","volume":"5","author":"JA Meachen-Samuels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meachen-Samuels, J. A. & van Valkenburgh, B. Radiographs reveal exceptional forelimb strength in the sabertooth cat, Smilodon fatalis. PLoS ONE 5, e11412 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"99853_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-129","volume":"14","author":"A Mart\u00edn-Serra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Serra, A., Figueirido, B. & Palmqvist, P. A three-dimensional analysis of the morphological evolution and locomotor behaviour of the carnivoran hind limb. BMC Evol. Biol. 14, 1\u201313 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"99853_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05402.x","volume":"238","author":"W Anyonge","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anyonge, W. Locomotor behaviour in Plio-Pleistocene sabre-tooth cats: A biomechanical analysis. J. Zool. 238, 395\u2013413 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"99853_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050022","volume":"5","author":"C Carbone","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carbone, C., Teacher, A. & Rowcliffe, J. M. The costs of carnivory. PLoS Biol. 5, 363\u2013368 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"99853_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1966.tb04447.x","volume":"7","author":"G Sumner-Smith","year":"1966","unstructured":"Sumner-Smith, G. Observations on epiphyseal fusion of the canine appendicular skeleton. J. Small Anim. Pract. 7, 303\u2013311 (1966).","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"99853_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1969.tb04071.x","volume":"10","author":"RN Smith","year":"1969","unstructured":"Smith, R. N. Fusion of ossification centres in the cat. J. Small Anim. Pract. 10, 523\u2013530 (1969).","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"99853_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x","volume":"190","author":"GL Smuts","year":"1980","unstructured":"Smuts, G. L., Robinson, G. A. & Whyte, I. J. Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (Panthera leo). J. Zool. 190, 365\u2013373 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"99853_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1638\/03-013","volume":"36","author":"RM Kirberger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kirberger, R. M., du Plessis, W. M. & Turner, P. H. Radiologic anatomy of the normal appendicular skeleton of the lion (Panthera leo) Part 1: Thoracic limb. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 36, 29\u201335 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"99853_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1638\/03-013","volume":"36","author":"RM Kirberger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kirberger, R. M., du Plessis, W. M. & Turner, P. H. Radiologic anatomy of the normal appendicular skeleton of the lion (Panthera leo). Part 2: Pelvic limb. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 36, 29\u201335 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"99853_CR57","volume-title":"Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth","author":"KL Seymour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seymour, K. L., Reynolds, A. R. & Churcher, C. S. Smilodon fatalis from Talara, Peru: Sex, age, mass, and histology. In Smilodon: The Iconic Sabertooth (eds Werdelin, L. et al.) (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018)."},{"key":"99853_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2009.00659.x","volume":"280","author":"JA Meachen-Samuels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meachen-Samuels, J. A. & Binder, W. J. Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic growth in the American lion and sabertoothed cat from Rancho La Brea. J. Zool. 280, 271\u2013279 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"99853_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101916","volume":"24","author":"AR Reynolds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynolds, A. R., Seymour, K. L. & Evans, D. C. Smilodon fatalis siblings reveal life history in a saber-toothed cat. Science 24, 101916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101916 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"99853_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/301379a0","volume":"301","author":"DW Macdonald","year":"1983","unstructured":"Macdonald, D. W. The ecology of carnivore social behaviour. Nature 301, 379\u2013384 (1983).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"99853_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5962\/p.226783","volume":"518","author":"FR O\u2019Keefe","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, F. R., Fet, E. V. & Harris, J. M. Compilation, calibration, and synthesis of faunal and floral radiocarbon dates, Rancho La Brea, California. Contrib. Sci. 518, 1\u201316 (2009).","journal-title":"Contrib. Sci."},{"key":"99853_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56847-4","volume":"10","author":"AM Mychajliw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mychajliw, A. M., Rice, K. A., Tewksbury, L. R., Southon, J. R. & Lindsey, E. L. Exceptionally preserved asphaltic coprolites expand the spatiotemporal range of a North American paleoecological proxy. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"99853_CR63","first-page":"151","volume":"42","author":"BT Fuller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuller, B. T., Harris, J. M., Farrell, A. B., Takeuchi, G. T. & Southon, J. R. Sample preparation for radiocarbon dating and isotopic analysis of bone from Rancho La Brea. Nat. Hist. Museum Los Angeles Sci. Ser. 42, 151\u2013167 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Hist. Museum Los Angeles Sci. Ser."},{"key":"99853_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12340","volume":"27","author":"JA Meachen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meachen, J. A., O\u2019Keefe, F. R. & Sadlier, R. W. Evolution in the sabre-tooth cat, Smilodon fatalis, in response to Pleistocene climate change. J. Evol. Biol. 27, 714\u2013723 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"99853_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17705554","volume":"20","author":"RT Loder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loder, R. T. & Todhunter, R. J. Demographics of hip dysplasia in the Maine Coon cat. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20, 302\u2013307 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99853-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99853-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99853-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1670069062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99853-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-99853-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.01.07.897348","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21271"}}