{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:43:29Z","timestamp":1792691009724,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We sought to determine if rodents in U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) are carriers of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In total, 140 rodents were sampled, including 112\n                    <jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 28\n                    <jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A positive carrier status was identified for 64\/140 (45.7%); 49 (35.0%) were positive by dark-field microscopy, 60 (42.9%) by culture, 63 (45.0%) by fluorescent antibody testing, and 61 (43.6%) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). Molecular typing indicated that 48 isolates were\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 3 were\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; the remaining nine comprised mixed species. In the single culture-negative sample that was rtPCR positive, genotyping directly from the kidney identified\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Serotyping of\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates identified serogroup Ballum and\n                    <jats:italic>L. kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates as serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. These results demonstrate that rodents are significant\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    carriers and adds to understanding the ecoepidemiology of leptospirosis in USVI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04846-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T06:02:41Z","timestamp":1642744961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessing rodents as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species in the U.S. Virgin Islands and their risk to animal and public health"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Hamond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Springer","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah H.","family":"de Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Hornsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"LeCount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod","family":"Stuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Cranford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa L.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole F.","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine M.","family":"Bisgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna S.","family":"Salzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilana J.","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett R.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Schlater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarlath E.","family":"Nally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa, F. et al. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9(9), e0003898 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"4846_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanovas-Massana, A., et al. Quantification of Leptospira interrogans survival in soil and water microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 84(13) (2018).","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00507-18"},{"key":"4846_CR3","first-page":"65","volume":"387","author":"DA Haake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haake, D. A. & Levett, P. N. Leptospirosis in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387, 65\u201397 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4846_CR4","first-page":"99","volume":"387","author":"WA Ellis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis, W. A. Animal leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387, 99\u2013137 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4846_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02005","volume":"11","author":"EJ Putz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Putz, E. J. & Nally, J. E. Investigating the immunological and biological equilibrium of reservoir hosts and pathogenic Leptospira: balancing the solution to an acute problem?. Front. Microbiol. 11, 2005 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"4846_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinova-Petkova, A., et al. First Reported Human Cases of Leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, September\u2013November 2017. in Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2019. Oxford University Press US.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz261"},{"key":"4846_CR7","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau, 2020. Understanding the Population of the U.S. Virgin Islands. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/programs-surveys\/sis\/resources\/2020\/sis_2020map_usvi_k-12.pdf."},{"key":"4846_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahl, A., D. Miller, and P. Bartlett, Leptospira serology in small ruminants on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 653(1): 168\u2013171 (1992).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb19640.x"},{"key":"4846_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boey, K., K. Shiokawa, and S. Rajeev, Leptospira infection in rats: a literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13(8): e0007499 (2019).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007499"},{"key":"4846_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.26.3.341","volume":"26","author":"Y Ido","year":"1917","unstructured":"Ido, Y. et al. The rat as a carrier of Spirocheta icterohaemorrhagiae, the causative agent of Weil\u2019s disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica. J. Exp. Med. 26, 341\u2013353 (1917).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"4846_CR11","unstructured":"Leary, S.L., et al. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition. 2013. American Veterinary Medical Association Schaumburg, IL."},{"issue":"1","key":"4846_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66526-4","volume":"10","author":"RL Hornsby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hornsby, R. L., Alt, D. P. & Nally, J. E. Isolation and propagation of leptospires at 37 degrees C directly from the mammalian host. Sci Rep 10(1), 9620 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"4846_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1128\/am.25.6.976-980.1973","volume":"25","author":"JR Cole","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cole, J. R., Sulzer, C. R. & Pursell, A. R. Improved microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test. Appl. Microbiol. 25(6), 976\u2013980 (1973).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4846_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31716-8","volume":"39","author":"W Ellis","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ellis, W., Montgomery, J. & Cassells, J. Dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo. Res. Vet. Sci. 39(3), 292\u2013295 (1985).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"4846_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.023","volume":"218","author":"JE Nally","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nally, J. E. et al. Isolation and characterization of pathogenic leptospires associated with cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 218, 25\u201330 (2018).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4846_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014","volume":"64","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stoddard, R. A. et al. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 64(3), 247\u201355 (2009).","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"4846_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.024","volume":"82","author":"RL Galloway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galloway, R. L. & Hoffmaster, A. R. Optimization of LipL32 PCR assay for increased sensitivity in diagnosing leptospirosis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 82(3), 199\u2013200 (2015).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"4846_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(08)70493-8","volume":"11","author":"H Dikken","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dikken, H. & Kmety, E. Serological typing methods of leptospires. Methods Microbiol. 11, 259\u2013307 (1978).","journal-title":"Methods Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4846_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-4-1","volume":"5","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahmed, N. et al. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 5(1), 1\u201310 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"issue":"7","key":"4846_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00094-16","volume":"84","author":"EA Wunder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wunder, E. A. et al. Real-time PCR reveals rapid dissemination of Leptospira interrogans after intraperitoneal and conjunctival inoculation of hamsters. Infect. Immun. 84(7), 2105\u20132115 (2016).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"4846_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.10.004","volume":"189","author":"EJ Putz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Putz, E. J. et al. Circulating foamy macrophages in the golden syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of leptospirosis. J. Comput. Pathol. 189, 98\u2013109 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4846_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002074","volume":"139","author":"A Desvars","year":"2011","unstructured":"Desvars, A., Cardinale, E. & Michault, A. Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas. Epidemiol. Infect. 139(2), 167\u2013188 (2011).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"4846_CR23","first-page":"114","volume":"58","author":"J Keenan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keenan, J. et al. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Rattus norvegicus in Grenada, West Indies. West Indian Med J 58(2), 114\u2013117 (2009).","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4846_CR24","first-page":"853","volume":"31","author":"S Suepaul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suepaul, S. et al. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs and rats in Trinidad. Trop Biomed 31(4), 853\u2013861 (2014).","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"4846_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourhy, P., et al. Serovar diversity of pathogenic Leptospira circulating in the French West Indies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7(3): e2114 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002114"},{"key":"4846_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cranford, H.M., et al. Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) as reservoir hosts of Leptospira species in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019\u20132020. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15(11): e0009859 (2021).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009859"},{"issue":"2","key":"4846_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020085","volume":"6","author":"HM Cranford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cranford, H. M. et al. Exposure and carriage of pathogenic leptospira in livestock in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 6(2), 85 (2021).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"4846_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz339","volume":"220","author":"EA Briskin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Briskin, E. A. et al. Seroprevalence, risk factors, and rodent reservoirs of leptospirosis in an urban community of Puerto Rico, 2015. J. Infect. Dis. 220(9), 1489\u20131497 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"4846_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90216-5","volume":"78","author":"CO Everard","year":"1984","unstructured":"Everard, C. O. et al. The prevalence of severe leptospirosis among humans on Barbados. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78(5), 596\u2013603 (1984).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"4846_CR30","first-page":"19","volume":"59","author":"I Gonzalez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonzalez, I. et al. Confirmaci\u00f3n microbiol\u00f3gica de 2 brotes emergentes de leptospirosis humana en Cuba. Rev Cubana Med Trop 59(1), 19\u201323 (2007).","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"issue":"10","key":"4846_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807000052","volume":"136","author":"CH Storck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Storck, C. H. et al. Changes in epidemiology of leptospirosis in 2003\u20132004, a two El Nino Southern Oscillation period, Guadeloupe archipelago, French West Indies. Epidemiol. Infect. 136(10), 1407\u20131415 (2008).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"4846_CR32","first-page":"59","volume":"1","author":"D McGrowder","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGrowder, D. & Brown, P. Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with leptospirosis at a tertiary teaching hospital in Jamaica. Res. Rep. Trop. Med. 1, 59\u201364 (2010).","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"4846_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02310.x","volume":"14","author":"C Goarant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goarant, C. et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis in New Caledonia: diagnosis issues and burden of disease. Trop. Med. Int. Health 14(8), 926\u2013929 (2009).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4846_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0982-0","volume":"15","author":"CL Lau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lau, C. L. et al. The emergence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea in Queensland, Australia, 2001 to 2013. BMC Infect. Dis. 15(1), 1\u201311 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"4846_CR35","first-page":"281","volume":"31","author":"S Wynwood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wynwood, S. et al. The emergence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea as the dominant infecting serovar following the summer of natural disasters in Queensland, Australia 2011. Trop. Biomed. 31(2), 281\u2013285 (2014).","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"issue":"5","key":"4846_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0462","volume":"92","author":"M Matsui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsui, M. et al. Experimental hamster infection with a strain of Leptospira borgpetersenii Ballum isolated from a reservoir mouse in New Caledonia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92(5), 982\u2013985 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"4846_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007236","volume":"13","author":"KM Benavidez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benavidez, K. M. et al. The prevalence of Leptospira among invasive small mammals on Puerto Rican cattle farms. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13(5), e0007236 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"4846_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15710","volume":"30","author":"AC Peterson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peterson, A. C. et al. Amplification of pathogenic Leptospira infection with greater abundance and co-occurrence of rodent hosts across a counter-urbanizing landscape. Mol. Ecol. 30(9), 2145\u20132161 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"4846_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiels, A.B., et al. Invasive rat establishment and changes in small mammal populations on Caribbean Islands following two hurricanes. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 22: e00986 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e00986"},{"key":"4846_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i3.3938","volume":"38","author":"M Torres-Castro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres-Castro, M. et al. Detecci\u00f3n molecular de leptospiras pat\u00f3genas en roedores sinantr\u00f3picos y silvestres capturados en Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico. Biomedica 38, 51\u201358 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"4846_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricardo, T., et al. Seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies in rodents from riverside communities of Santa Fe, Argentina. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14(4): e0008222 (2020).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008222"},{"key":"4846_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, F., et al. Influence of household rat infestation on Leptospira transmission in the urban slum environment. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8(12): e3338 (2014).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003338"},{"issue":"1","key":"4846_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006392","volume":"128","author":"C Thornley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thornley, C. et al. Changing epidemiology of human leptospirosis in New Zealand. Epidemiol. Infect. 128(1), 29\u201336 (2002).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"4846_CR44","unstructured":"Brihuega, B., et al. First isolation of Leptospira borgpetersenii from Fetuses of Wild boars (Sus scrofa). (2017)."},{"issue":"2","key":"4846_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-02028-2","volume":"65","author":"J Gutierrez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gutierrez, J. Effects of meteorological factors on human leptospirosis in Colombia. Int. J. Biometeorol. 65(2), 257\u2013263 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-04846-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-04846-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-04846-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T16:25:07Z","timestamp":1669307107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-04846-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-04846-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1132"}}