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Currently, no randomized controlled trials have evaluated the effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) in patients suffering from NPBPI. In this study, we directly compare the efficacy of 10-Hz rTMS and anodal 2\u00a0mA tDCS techniques applied over the motor cortex (5 daily consecutive sessions) in 20 patients with NPBPI, allocated into 2 parallel groups (active or sham). The order of the sessions was randomised for each of these treatment groups according to a crossover design and separated by a 30-day interval. Scores for \u201ccontinuous\u201d and \u201cparoxysmal\u201d pain (primary outcome) were tabulated after the last stimulation day and 30\u00a0days after. Secondary outcomes included the improvement in multidimensional aspects of pain, anxiety state and quality of life from a qualitative and quantitative approach. Active rTMS and tDCS were both superior to sham in reducing continuous (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and paroxysmal (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) pain as well as in multidimensional aspects of pain (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and anxiety state (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). Our results suggest rTMS and tDCS are able to treat NPBPI with little distinction in pain and anxiety state, which may promote the use of tDCS in brachial plexus injury pain management, as it constitutes an easier and more available technique.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:italic>: http:\/\/www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br\/, RBR-5xnjbc \u2013 Sep 3, 2018.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05254-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1643281395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Effects of rTMS and tDCS on neuropathic pain after brachial plexus injury: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Erickson Duarte","family":"Bonif\u00e1cio de Assis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanessa Kallyne Nascimento","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Dias","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarice Martins","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Thais","family":"de Almeida Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uss\u00e2nio Moror\u00f3","family":"Meira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ledycnarf Janu\u00e1rio","family":"de Holanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgard","family":"Morya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Katya Torres Teixeira","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds Castro Gomes","family":"de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane Ara\u00fajo","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suellen Marinho","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1948-x","volume":"156","author":"W Faglioni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faglioni, W., Siqueira, M. 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