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There is a known bi-directional interaction between the gut microbiome and brain activity. Several authors have reported associations between changes in gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or autism. Furthermore, a pediatric-onset neuropsychiatric OCD-related syndrome occurs after streptococcal infection, which might indicate that exposure to certain microbes could be involved in OCD susceptibility. However, only one study has investigated the microbiome of OCD patients to date. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing to analyze the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome composition of 32 OCD cases and 32 age and gender matched controls. We estimated different \u03b1- and \u03b2-diversity measures and performed LEfSe and Wilcoxon tests to assess differences in bacterial distribution. OCD stool samples showed a trend towards lower bacterial \u03b1-diversity, as well as an increase of the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Rikenellaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and lower relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotellaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and two genera within the\n                    <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>Agathobacer<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Coprococcus.<\/jats:italic>\n                    However, we did not observe a different Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio between OCD cases and controls. Analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome composition showed a lower Fusobacteria to Actinobacteria ratio in OCD cases. In conclusion, we observed an imbalance in the gut and oropharyngeal microbiomes of OCD cases, including, in stool, an increase of bacteria from the\n                    <jats:italic>Rikenellaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family, associated with gut inflammation, and a decrease of bacteria from the\n                    <jats:italic>Coprococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus, associated with DOPAC synthesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05480-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T06:03:15Z","timestamp":1643263395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Changes in the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome in obsessive-compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Dom\u00e8nech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Alemany-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Morell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge\u00f2rgia","family":"Escaram\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bertol\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"S\u00e1nchez Chinchilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1211-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Balcells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinto","family":"Segal\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Estivill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Mench\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Gabald\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pino","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5006-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Rabionet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5480_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.85","volume":"18","author":"SE Stewart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stewart, S. 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