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Virtual mechanical testing is a promising technique for image-based assessment of structural bone healing in both preclinical and clinical settings, but its accuracy depends on the validity of the material model used to assign tissue mechanical properties. The goal of this study was to develop a constitutive model for callus that captures the heterogeneity and biomechanical duality of the callus, which contains both soft tissue and woven bone. To achieve this, a large-scale optimization analysis was performed on 2363 variations of 3D finite element models derived from computed tomography (CT) scans of 33 osteotomized sheep under normal and delayed healing conditions. A piecewise material model was identified that produced high absolute agreement between virtual and physical tests by differentiating between soft and hard callus based on radiodensity. The results showed that the structural integrity of a healing long bone is conferred by an internal architecture of mineralized hard callus that is supported by interstitial soft tissue. These findings suggest that with appropriate material modeling, virtual mechanical testing is a reliable surrogate for physical biomechanical testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06267-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T11:03:01Z","timestamp":1644922981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Biomechanical duality of fracture healing captured using virtual mechanical testing and validated in ovine bones"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Brendan","family":"Inglis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schwarzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"von Rechenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Darwiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Dailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"6267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.11.017","volume":"58","author":"RL Kane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kane, R. 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BvR was the head of MSRU at the time of the animal experiments and had oversight of these and other studies funded by Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies. HLD has stock or stock options, receives research or institutional support as a principal investigator, and receives financial or material support from OrthoXel. Additionally, HLD serves on a committee in the Orthopedic Research Society.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2492"}}