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This study characterized ZnO NPs by using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs against the clinically relevant bacteria\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the Gram-positive model\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was evaluated by performing resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) after exposure to the ZnO NPs at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.4\u00a0mM. Sensitivity was observed at 0.6\u00a0mM for the Gram-negative and 1.0\u00a0mM for the Gram-positive cells. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the interference of ZnO NPs on the membrane and the cell division apparatus of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>amy<\/jats:italic>\n                    ::pspac-ftsZ-gfpmut1) expressing FtsZ-GFP. The results showed that ZnO NPs did not interfere with the assembly of the divisional Z-ring. However, 70% of the cells exhibited damage in the cytoplasmic membrane after 15\u00a0min of exposure to the ZnO NPs. Electrostatic forces, production of Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions and the generation of reactive oxygen species were described as possible pathways of the bactericidal action of ZnO. Therefore, understanding the bactericidal MOA of ZnO NPs can potentially help in the construction of predictive models to fight bacterial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06657-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T06:03:20Z","timestamp":1644991400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":673,"title":["Antibacterial action and target mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles against bacterial pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carolina Rosai","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Dilarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Froes","family":"Forsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius de Moraes Ruy","family":"Sapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Renato Matos","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peterson Bueno","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Nallin","family":"Montagnolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ederio Dino","family":"Bidoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"6657_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128607","volume":"272","author":"R Pachaiappan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pachaiappan, R., Rajendran, S., Show, P. 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