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Recently, the link between\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    CNS infection and late-onset dementia has become increasingly evident. In mice, CNS infection has been shown to occur weeks to months after intranasal inoculation. By isolating live\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    from tissues and using immunohistochemistry, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    can infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, olfactory bulb and brain within 72\u00a0h in mice.\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection also resulted in dysregulation of key pathways involved in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis at 7 and 28\u00a0days after inoculation. Interestingly, amyloid beta accumulations were also detected adjacent to the\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    inclusions in the olfactory system. Furthermore, injury to the nasal epithelium resulted in increased peripheral nerve and olfactory bulb infection, but did not alter general CNS infection. In vitro,\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was able to infect peripheral nerve and CNS glia. In summary, the nerves extending between the nasal cavity and the brain constitute invasion paths by which\n                    <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    can rapidly invade the CNS likely by surviving in glia and leading to A\u03b2 deposition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06749-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T06:02:53Z","timestamp":1645077773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anu","family":"Chacko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Delbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Walkden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souptik","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Eindorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan K.","family":"Trim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"St John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Beagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A. 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