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In contrast, the Pacific Ocean, where wild salmon are far more abundant, has not seen widespread evolution of EMB-resistant lice. Here, we use EMB bioassays and counts of lice on farms from the Broughton Archipelago, Canada\u2014a core region of salmon farming in the Pacific\u2014to show that EMB sensitivity has dramatically decreased since 2010, concurrent with marked decrease in the field efficacy of EMB treatments. Notably, these bioassay data were not made available through public reporting by industry or by the federal regulator, but rather through Indigenous-led agreements that created a legal obligation for salmon-farming companies to provide data to First Nations. Our results suggest that salmon lice in the Pacific Ocean have recently evolved substantial resistance to EMB, and that salmon-louse outbreaks on Pacific farms will therefore be more difficult to control in the coming years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07464-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T06:22:53Z","timestamp":1648448573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Salmon lice in the Pacific Ocean show evidence of evolved resistance to parasiticide treatment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sean C.","family":"Godwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kuparinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Hutchings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"7464_CR1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Global Aquaculture Production Statistics, 1950\u20132019\u2014Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/statistics\/global-aquaculture-production\/query\/en (2021)."},{"key":"7464_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finstad, B. et al. The effect of sea lice on Atlantic salmon and other salmonid species in Atlantic Salmon Ecology (eds., Aas, S. E. \u00d8., Klemetsen, A. & Skurdal, J.) 253\u2013276 (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444327755.ch10"},{"key":"7464_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.03.026","volume":"344","author":"OO Igboeli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Igboeli, O. O., Fast, M. D., Heumann, J. & Burka, J. F. Role of P-glycoprotein in emamectin benzoate (SLICE\u00ae) resistance in sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Aquaculture 344, 40\u201347 (2012).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"7464_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.12.006","volume":"31","author":"SM Aaen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aaen, S. M., Helgesen, K. O., Bakke, M. J., Kaur, K. & Horsberg, T. E. Drug resistance in sea lice: A threat to salmonid aquaculture. Trends Parasitol. 31, 72\u201381 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"7464_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735044","volume":"521","author":"R Hannisdal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hannisdal, R. et al. Anti-sea lice agents in Norwegian aquaculture; surveillance, treatment trends and possible implications for food safety. 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Use of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farm treatment data and bioassays to assess for resistance of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, to emamectin benzoate (SLICE\u00ae) in British Columbia, Canada. J. Fish. Dis. 36, 515\u2013520 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"7464_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3620","volume":"70","author":"OO Igboeli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Igboeli, O. O., Burka, J. F. & Fast, M. D. Sea lice population and sex differences in P-glycoprotein expression and emamectin benzoate resistance on salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Pest Manag. Sci. 70, 905\u2013914 (2014).","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"7464_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1890\/080097","volume":"8","author":"M Krkosek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krkosek, M. Sea lice and salmon in Pacific Canada: Ecology and policy. Front. Ecol. 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