{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:49:33Z","timestamp":1792784973199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ramathibodi Foundation, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University","award":["31010055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31010055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus produces suboptimal immune responses among kidney transplant (KT), peritoneal dialyzed (PD), and hemodialyzed (HD) patients. Participants were vaccinated with two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (V2) and a third dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (V3) at 1\u20132\u00a0months after V2. We enrolled 106 participants: 31 KT, 28 PD, and 31 HD patients and 16 controls. Among KT, PD, and HD groups, median (IQR) of anti-receptor binding domain antibody levels were 1.0 (0.4\u201326.8), 1092.5 (606.9\u20131927.2), and 1740.9 (1106\u20133762.3) BAU\/mL, and percent neutralization was 0.9 (0\u20139.9), 98.8 (95.9\u201399.5), and 99.4 (98.8\u201399.7), respectively, at two weeks after V3. Both parameters were significantly increased from V2 across all groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Seroconversion and neutralization positivity rates in PD, HD, and control groups were 100% but were impaired in KT patients (39% and 16%, respectively). S1-specific T-cell counts were increased in PD and HD groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) but not in KT patients. The positive S1-specific T-cell responder rate was\u2009&gt;\u200990% in PD, HD, and control groups, which was higher than that in KT recipients (74%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The heterologous inactivated virus\/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination strategy elicited greater immunogenicity among dialysis patients; however, inadequate responses remained among KT recipients (TCTR20210226002).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07574-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T08:37:47Z","timestamp":1646383067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine after a two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jackrapong","family":"Bruminhent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavachol","family":"Setthaudom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungthiwa","family":"Kitpermkiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasisopin","family":"Kiertiburanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumthorn","family":"Malathum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montira","family":"Assanatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkom","family":"Nongnuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angsana","family":"Phuphuakrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongsathon","family":"Chaumdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitimaporn","family":"Janphram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sansanee","family":"Thotsiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyatida","family":"Chuengsaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarinya","family":"Boongird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"7574_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239250","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239250","volume":"15","author":"J Bruminhent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruminhent, J., Ruangsubvilai, N., Nabhindhakara, J., Ingsathit, A. & Kiertiburanakul, S. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients under investigation in Thailand. PLoS ONE 15, e0239250 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7574_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa863","volume":"72","author":"M Fung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fung, M. & Babik, J. M. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: What we know so far. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72, 340\u2013350 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7574_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.337","volume":"8","author":"P Sakulkonkij","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sakulkonkij, P., Bruminhent, J., Pankongngam, C. & Chalermphunchai, N. A family cluster of diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) kidney transplant recipient in Thailand. Immun. Inflamm. Dis. 8, 534\u2013543 (2020).","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"7574_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13388","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13388","volume":"23","author":"T Thammathiwat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thammathiwat, T. et al. A case of successful treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with favipiravir and tocilizumab in post-kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Infect. Dis. 23, e13388 (2021).","journal-title":"Transpl Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7574_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690621","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.690621","volume":"11","author":"WH Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, W. H. et al. COVID-19 pandemic and vaccines update on challenges and resolutions. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 690621 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"7574_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantarabenjakul, W., Chantasrisawad, N., Puthanakit, T., et al. Short-term immune response after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaVac, Sinovac) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Vaxzevria, Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccinations in health care workers. Asian Pacific J. Allergy Immunol. (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.27.21262721"},{"key":"7574_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruminhent, J., Setthaudom, C., Chaumdee, P., et al. SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after immunization with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients (CVIM 1 Study). Am. J. Transpl. (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.02.21261095"},{"key":"7574_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"S Boongird","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boongird, S. et al. Short-term immunogenicity profiles and predictors for suboptimal immune responses in patients with end-stage kidney disease immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Infect. Dis. Ther. 3, 1\u201315 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"7574_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for an extended primary series with an additional vaccine dose for COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised persons 2021 (accessed 26 October 2021); https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/347079\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Vaccination-SAGE-recommendation-Immunocompromised-persons-2021.1-eng.pdf?sequence=2"},{"key":"7574_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03791106","volume":"2","author":"J Schiff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schiff, J., Cole, E. & Cantarovich, M. Therapeutic monitoring of calcineurin inhibitors for the nephrologist. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2, 374\u2013384 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"7574_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.08.019","volume":"100","author":"Y Azzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azzi, Y. et al. Risk factors associated with poor response to COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 100, 1127\u20131128 (2021).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"1256","key":"7574_CR12","first-page":"e9","volume":"26","author":"KL Chew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chew, K. L. et al. Clinical evaluation of serological IgG antibody response on the Abbott Architect for established SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 26(1256), e9-1256.e11 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"7574_CR13","unstructured":"Abbott Core Laboratory. Abbott Alinity i SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant Reagent Instructions for Use (accessed 2 November 2021); https:\/\/www.corelaboratory.abbott\/int\/en\/offerings\/segments\/infectious-disease\/sars-cov-2"},{"key":"7574_CR14","unstructured":"Available at: https:\/\/www.coronavirus-diagnostics.com\/documents\/Indications\/Infections\/Coronavirus\/EI_2606_D_UK_F.pdf"},{"key":"7574_CR15","unstructured":"Coronavirus diagnostics by Euroimmun. SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA (accessed 2 November 2021); https:\/\/www.coronavirus-diagnostics.com\/documents\/Indications\/Infections\/Coronavirus\/EI_2606_D_UK_F.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"7574_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00902-8","volume":"22","author":"J Zuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zuo, J. et al. Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection. Nat. Immunol. 22, 620\u2013626 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"7574_CR17","unstructured":"Package insert. T-SPOT. COVID. Available at: https:\/\/www.tspotcovid.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2021\/03\/PI-T-SPOT.COVID-IVD-UK-v3.pdf"},{"key":"7574_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203772","volume":"27","author":"S Schwarzkopf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwarzkopf, S. et al. Cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescents with PCR-confirmed infection but with undetectable SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 122 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7574_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab224","volume":"36","author":"L Frantzen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frantzen, L. et al. COVID-19 vaccination in haemodialysis patients: Good things come in threes. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 36, 1947\u20131949 (2021).","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"7574_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.08.005","volume":"79","author":"I Bensouna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bensouna, I. et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response after a third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 79, 185\u2013192 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"7574_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.06.025","volume":"100","author":"D Ducloux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ducloux, D., Colladant, M., Chabannes, M., Yannaraki, M. & Courivaud, C. Humoral response after 3 doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 100, 702\u2013704 (2021).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"7574_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab152","volume":"14","author":"M Dekervel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dekervel, M. et al. Humoral response to a third injection of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Clin. Kidney J. 14, 2349\u20132355 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"7574_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01854-7","volume":"398","author":"EJ Carr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carr, E. J. et al. Neutralising antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination in UK haemodialysis patients. Lancet 398, 1038\u20131041 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7574_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101130","volume":"9","author":"C Speer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Speer, C. et al. Longitudinal humoral responses after COVID-19 vaccination in peritoneal and hemodialysis patients over twelve weeks. Vaccines 9, 1130 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"11","key":"7574_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01540-1","volume":"27","author":"S Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng, S. et al. Correlates of protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 27(11), 2032\u20132040 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"7574_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-1341","volume":"174","author":"O Marion","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marion, O. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccines in recipients of solid organ transplants. Ann. Intern. Med. 174, 1336\u20131338 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"7574_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7489","volume":"325","author":"BJ Boyarsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boyarsky, B. J. et al. Antibody response to 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series in solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA 325, 2204\u20132206 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7574_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4385","volume":"325","author":"BJ Boyarsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boyarsky, B. J. et al. Immunogenicity of a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA 325, 1784\u20131786 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7574_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2108861","volume":"385","author":"N Kamar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamar, N. et al. Three doses of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in solid-organ transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 661\u2013662 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"7574_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02096-1","volume":"398","author":"M Prendecki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prendecki, M. et al. Immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients. Lancet 398, 1482\u20131484 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7574_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13740","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13740","volume":"23","author":"R Eren Sadio\u011flu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eren Sadio\u011flu, R. et al. Antibody response to two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 23, e13740 (2021).","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7574_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16851","volume":"22","author":"M Kantauskaite","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kantauskaite, M. et al. Intensity of mycophenolate mofetil treatment is associated with an impaired immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Am. J. Transpl. 22, 634\u2013639 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"7574_CR33","unstructured":"American College of Rheumatology. COVID-19 vaccine clinical guidance summary for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases developed by the ACR COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Guidance Task Force (accessed 2 November 2021); https:\/\/www.rheumatology.org\/Portals\/0\/Files\/COVID-19-Vaccine-Clinical-Guidance-Rheumatic-Diseases-Summary.pdf"},{"key":"7574_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00491-7","volume":"17","author":"S Caillard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caillard, S. & Thaunat, O. COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 17, 1\u20133 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"7574_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32466-1","volume":"396","author":"MN Ramasamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramasamy, M. N. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): A single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2\/3 trial. Lancet 396, 1979\u20131993 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7574_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","volume":"27","author":"DS Khoury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoury, D. S. et al. Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 27, 1205\u20131211 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"7574_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.037","volume":"184","author":"D Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, D. et al. Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera. Cell 184(9), 2348-2361.e6 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-68367-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-07574-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-07574-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-07574-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:39:28Z","timestamp":1790926768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-07574-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-07574-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-68367-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-68367-z","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"3587"}}