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We should focus on the programmed cell death-receptor-1 (PD-1) antibody and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to analyze the characteristics of hepatitis related to iCIs and find factors that could be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis. A single-center retrospective study of 252 NSCLC patients who received PD-1 antibody (nivolumab or pembrolizumab). Some of the biochemical markers and immunological markers were analyzed during PD-1-antibody treatment with or without ALT elevation. Histopathological features were reviewed by a single expert of hepatic pathology focusing on the following features: fibrosis, portal inflammation, lobular inflammation, lobular necrosis. The formation of macro- and micro-granulomas was also evaluated. The frequency of liver damage induced by nivolumab including grade 1 to 4 (ALT) was 41.9% (78\/186 patients). The positive rate of anti-nuclear antibody in the nivolumab group with iCIs-related hepatitis was significantly higher than that in the nivolumab group without iCIs-related hepatitis (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.00112). Granulomatous changes were significantly increased in patients with iCIs-related hepatitis compared with DILI and AIH patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The ratios of inflammatory cells CD4\/CD8, and CD138\/CD3 in ICIs-related hepatitis were significantly lower than those in AIH or DILI patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). We demonstrated that the pre-existing ANA and characteristic liver histology including CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells dominancy and granulomatous hepatitis could be biomarkers for the diagnosis of iCIs-related hepatitis in the NSCLC with anti-PD-1 therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07770-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T06:06:11Z","timestamp":1646633171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anti-nuclear antibody and a granuloma could be biomarkers for iCIs-related hepatitis by anti-PD-1 treatment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yasuteru","family":"Kondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Akahira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuki","family":"Morosawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Toi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akashi","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Satio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mareyuki","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunichi","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"7770_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5860","volume":"5","author":"Y Toi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toi, Y. et al. 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