{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:17:49Z","timestamp":1790716669659,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Undetected refractive errors (REs) in children can lead to irreversible vision loss. This study aimed to show the proportions of REs in French children using cycloplegic refraction. Multicentre cross-sectional retrospective study including children with cycloplegic refraction and without associated ocular conditions from 2015 to 2018 in French eye clinics. The following data were collected: age, symptoms of eye strain, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction. The analysis included 48,163 children (mean age: 7.75\u00a0years, range: 2 to 12\u00a0years). The proportion of each RE was as follows: emmetropia (\u2212\u20090.50\u2009&lt;\u2009Spherical Equivalent (SE)\u2009\u2264\u2009\u2009+\u20092.0; 58.3%), hyperopia (+\u20092.0 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$&lt;$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> SE <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>+5; 17.2%), myopia (\u2212\u20096 <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> SE <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\le$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2212\u20090.50; 15.5%), high myopia (SE\u2009&lt;\u2009\u2212\u20096; 0.5%), high hyperopia (SE\u2009&gt;\u2009\u2009+\u20095; 3.6%), mixed astigmatism (4.9%). Anisometropia (SE difference\u2009\u2265\u20091.5) was found in 5.0%. Functional amblyopia in children attending primary school (aged over 6\u00a0years) was encountered in 2.7%. Symptoms of eye strain were frequent (70%) but not specific to any RE. REs are frequently found in French children and may remain undetected in the absence of symptoms of eye strain. Few studies have investigated REs in children using cycloplegic refraction, which has been shown to be the gold standard for RE assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08149-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T10:03:34Z","timestamp":1646733814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Refractive errors in a large dataset of French children: the ANJO study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"R\u00e9becca","family":"Guillon-Rolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Grammatico-Guillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Leveziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Pelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Durbant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Chammas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6032-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoul K.","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8149_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0010-0","volume":"30","author":"KM Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams, K. M., Verhoeven, V. J. M. & Cumberland, P. Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: The European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 30, 305\u2013315 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"8149_CR2","unstructured":"WHO TEAM. World Health Organization (2019) World report on vision. World Health Organization, Geneva. Licence: CC BY-NCSA 3.0 IG."},{"key":"8149_CR3","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"F Khoshhal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khoshhal, F. et al. The prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Ophthalmol. 2, 2 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR4","first-page":"602","volume":"24","author":"CY Mak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mak, C. Y., Yam, J. C., Chen, L. J., Lee, S. M. & Young, A. L. Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review. Hong Kong Med J. Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi 24, 602\u2013609 (2018).","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J. Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"8149_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1042-0","volume":"19","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of refractive error: a cross-sectional Study in Han and Yi adults in Yunnan, China. BMC Ophthalmol. 19, 33 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1281-0","volume":"20","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Prevalence of myopia and vision impairment in school students in Eastern China. BMC Ophthalmol. 20, 2 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","volume":"314","author":"M He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, M. et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314, 1142\u20131148 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8149_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312149","volume":"102","author":"V Galvis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galvis, V., Tello, A. & Otero, J. Prevalence of refractive errors in Colombia: MIOPUR study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 102, 1320\u20131323 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-163","volume":"14","author":"VD Castagno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castagno, V. D., Fassa, A. G., Carret, M. L. V., Vilela, M. A. P. & Meucci, R. D. Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children. BMC Ophthalmol. 14, 163 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12642","volume":"93","author":"IG Morgan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgan, I. G., Iribarren, R., Fotouhi, A. & Grzybowski, A. Cycloplegic refraction is the gold standard for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.) 93, 581\u2013585 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.)"},{"key":"8149_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13569","volume":"95","author":"P Sankaridurg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sankaridurg, P. et al. Comparison of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction in categorizing refractive error data in children. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.) 95, e633\u2013e640 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.)"},{"key":"8149_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307871","volume":"100","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hashemi, H. et al. Cycloplegic autorefraction versus subjective refraction: The Tehran Eye Study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 100, 1122\u20131127 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochebrochard, L. & De, \u00c9. Les \u00e2ges \u00e0 la pubert\u00e9 des filles et des gar\u00e7ons en France. Mesures \u00e0 partir d\u2019une enqu\u00eate sur la sexualit\u00e9 des adolescents. Population 54, 933\u2013962 (1999).","DOI":"10.2307\/1534716"},{"key":"8149_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.012","volume":"17","author":"SP Donahue","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donahue, S. P. et al. Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: A 10-year, evidence-based update. J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus 17, 4\u20138 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"8149_CR15","unstructured":"P\u00e9chereau A, Denis D, & Speeg-Schatz C. Strabisme. Rapport de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Ophtalmologie."},{"key":"8149_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12689","volume":"101","author":"S Sheeladevi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheeladevi, S. et al. Prevalence of refractive errors in children in India: A systematic review. Clin. Exp. Optom. 101, 495\u2013503 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"8149_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13650","volume":"96","author":"L Sandfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sandfeld, L., Weihrauch, H., Tub\u00e6k, G. & Mortzos, P. Ophthalmological data on 4.5 to 7-year-old Danish children. Acta Ophthalmol. 96, 379\u2013383 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00455-9","volume":"129","author":"AD Negrel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Negrel, A. D., Maul, E., Pokharel, G. P., Zhao, J. & Ellwein, L. B. Refractive error study in children: Sampling and measurement methods for a multi-country survey. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 129, 421\u2013426 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2004.05.007","volume":"8","author":"DL Klimek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Klimek, D. L., Cruz, O. A., Scott, W. E. & Davitt, B. V. Isoametropic amblyopia due to high hyperopia in children. J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus 8, 310\u2013313 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"8149_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.023","volume":"123","author":"MT Kulp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kulp, M. T. et al. Uncorrected hyperopia and preschool early literacy: Results of the vision in preschoolers\u2014hyperopia in preschoolers (VIP-HIP) study. Ophthalmology 123, 681\u2013689 (2016).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"8149_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000236","volume":"5","author":"P-C Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, P.-C., Huang, H.-M., Yu, H.-J., Fang, P.-C. & Chen, C.-T. Epidemiology of myopia. Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol. 5, 386\u2013393 (2016).","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6188","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20243","volume":"57","author":"Y Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Age-specific prevalence of visual impairment and refractive error in children aged 3\u201310 Years in Shanghai, China. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 57, 6188\u20136196 (2016).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"8149_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.105988","volume":"132","author":"CA Enthoven","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enthoven, C. A. et al. The impact of computer use on myopia development in childhood: The Generation R study. Prev. Med. 132, 105988 (2020).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"8149_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001976","volume":"94","author":"E Matamoros","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matamoros, E. et al. Prevalence of myopia in France. Medicine 94, 2 (2015).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"8149_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","volume":"519","author":"E Dolgin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dolgin, E. The myopia boom. Nature 519, 276\u2013278 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8149_CR26","unstructured":"WSPOS. WSPOS Myopia Consensus Statement - WSPOS | World Society of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - 2019\u201303\u201307. (2019)."},{"key":"8149_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302637","volume":"97","author":"S Afsari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afsari, S. et al. Prevalence of anisometropia and its association with refractive error and amblyopia in preschool children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 97, 1095\u20131099 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"8149_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18647","volume":"57","author":"YY Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu, Y. Y. et al. Prevalence and associations of anisometropia in children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 57, 979\u2013988 (2016).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"8149_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11066","volume":"54","author":"L O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue, L. et al. Profile of anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism in children: Prevalence and association with age, ocular biometric measures, and refractive status. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 602\u2013608 (2013).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"8149_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2017.1391849","volume":"25","author":"M Faghihi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faghihi, M. et al. The prevalence of amblyopia and its determinants in a population-based study. Strabismus 25, 176\u2013183 (2017).","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"8149_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","volume":"60","author":"DI Flitcroft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flitcroft, D. I. et al. IMI\u2014defining and classifying myopia: A proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 60, M20\u2013M30 (2019).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"8149_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.10.003","volume":"14","author":"V Galvis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galvis, V. et al. Definition of refractive errors for research studies: Spherical equivalent could not be enough. J. Optom. 14, 224\u2013225 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Optom."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08149-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08149-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08149-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T23:39:37Z","timestamp":1669333177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08149-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08149-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4069"}}