{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:45:40Z","timestamp":1793522740854,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Scaffolds used to receive stem cells are a promising perspective of tissue regeneration research, and one of the most effective solutions to rebuild organs. In the near future will be possible to reconstruct a natural tooth using stems cells, but to avoid an immune-defensive response, sterilize the scaffold is not only desired, but also essential to be successful. A study confirmed stem cells extracted from rat\u2019s natural teeth, and implanted into the alveolar bone, could differentiate themselves in dental cells, but the scaffold\u2019s chemistry, geometry, density, morphology, adherence, biocompatibility and mechanical properties remained an issue. This study intended to produce a completely sterilized dental scaffold with preserved extracellular matrix. Fifty-one samples were collected, kept in formaldehyde, submitted to partial demineralization and decellularization processes and sterilized using four different methods: dry heating; autoclave; ethylene-oxide and gamma-radiation. They were characterized through optical images, micro-hardness, XRD, EDS, XRF, SEM, histology and sterility test. The results evidenced the four sterilization methods were fully effective with preservation of ECM molecular arrangements, variation on chemical composition (proportion of Ca\/P) was compatible with Ca\/P proportional variation between enamel and dentine regions. Gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide presents excellent results, but their viability are compromised by the costs and technology\u2019s accessibility (requires very expensive equipment and\/or consumables). Excepted gamma irradiation, all the sterilization methods more than sterilizing also reduced the remaining pulp. Autoclave presents easy equipment accessibility, lower cost consumables, higher reduction of remaining pulp and complete sterilization, reason why was considered the most promising technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08258-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T11:16:00Z","timestamp":1646997360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Evaluation of ethylene oxide, gamma radiation, dry heat and autoclave sterilization processes on extracellular matrix of biomaterial dental scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luciana Aparecida","family":"de Sousa Iwamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica Talarico","family":"Duailibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson Yoshinobu","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Cristina","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio Eduardo","family":"Duailibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"8258_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.1998.62.10.tb03247.x","volume":"62","author":"K Anusavice","year":"1998","unstructured":"Anusavice, K. Managementof dental caries asa chronic infectious disease. J. Dent. Educ. 62, 791\u2013802 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"8258_CR2","unstructured":"Callister, W. D. Ci\u00eancia e Engenharia de Materiais - Uma introdu\u00e7\u00e3o. Ci\u00eancia e Engenharia de Materiais - Uma introdu\u00e7\u00e3o (2007)."},{"key":"8258_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5729(00)00011-X","author":"FH Jones","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jones, F. H. Teeth and bones: applications of surface science to dental materials and related biomaterials. Surf. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0167-5729(00)00011-X (2001).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8258_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reyes-Gasga, J. & Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, R. Analysis of the electron-beam radiation damage of TEM samples in the acceleration energy range from 0.1 to 2MeV using the standard theory for fast electrons. Radiat. Phys. Chem. (2002) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0969-806X(01)00578-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(01)00578-3"},{"key":"8258_CR5","unstructured":"Brien, F. J. O. Biomaterials & scaffolds. Mater. Today (2011)."},{"key":"8258_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langer, R. & Vacanti, J. P. - 1. ARTICLES Tissue Engineering. Science (80-. ). (1993) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.8493529.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493529"},{"key":"8258_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00047-8","author":"L Lu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lu, L. et al. In vitro and in vivo degradation of porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00047-8 (2000).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00044-9","author":"T Kokubo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kokubo, T., Kim, H. M. & Kawashita, M. Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00044-9 (2003).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.12.032","author":"AS Rowlands","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rowlands, A. S., Lim, S. A., Martin, D. & Cooper-White, J. J. Polyurethane\/poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid composite scaffolds fabricated by thermally induced phase separation. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.12.032 (2007).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00037-1","author":"M Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang, M. Developing bioactive composite materials for tissue replacement. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00037-1 (2003).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.11.024","author":"SH Oh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oh, S. H., Park, I. K., Kim, J. M. & Lee, J. H. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of PCL scaffolds with pore size gradient fabricated by a centrifugation method. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.11.024 (2007).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2006.00253.x","author":"YC Huang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huang, Y. C. & Huang, Y. Y. Biomaterials and strategies for nerve regeneration. Artif. Organs https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2006.00253.x (2006).","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"8258_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4110-9","author":"B Damadzadeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Damadzadeh, B. et al. Effect of ceramic filler content on the mechanical and thermal behaviour of poly-l-lactic acid and poly-l-lactic-co-glycolic acid composites for medical applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10856-010-4110-9 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"8258_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20034","author":"J Atance","year":"2004","unstructured":"Atance, J., Yost, M. J. & Carver, W. Influence of the extracellular matrix on the regulation of cardiac fibroblast behavior by mechanical stretch. J. Cell. Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.20034 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"8258_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00455.2005","author":"CB Khatiwala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khatiwala, C. B., Peyton, S. R. & Putnam, A. J. Intrinsic mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix affect the behavior of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Am. J. Physiol. - Cell Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00455.2005 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. - Cell Physiol."},{"key":"8258_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300703","author":"MT Duailibi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duailibi, M. T. et al. Bioengineered teeth from cultured rat tooth bud cells. J. Dent. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910408300703 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"8258_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(96)90066-8","author":"WA Rutala","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rutala, W. A. APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. Am. J. Infect. Control https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0196-6553(96)90066-8 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"8258_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511417441","author":"MJ Gupte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupte, M. J. & Ma, P. X. Nanofibrous scaffolds for dental and craniofacial applications. J. Dent. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034511417441 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"8258_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2007.0108","author":"A Slaughter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Slaughter, A. & Evans, L. K. Culturally sensitive oral health educational materials for older African Americans. J. Health Care Poor Underserved https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2007.0108 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"8258_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-007-0467-6","author":"AHH Yen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yen, A. H. H. & Sharpe, P. T. Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-007-0467-6 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"8258_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2117","author":"PM Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor, P. M. Biological matrices and bionanotechnology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2007.2117 (2007).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"8258_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.055","author":"Y Sumita","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sumita, Y. et al. Performance of collagen sponge as a 3-D scaffold for tooth-tissue engineering. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.055 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0387","volume":"24","author":"JA Dos Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dos Santos, J. A. et al. Chick embryo model for homing and host interactions of tissue engineering-purposed human dental stem cells. Tissue Eng. - Part A 24, 882\u2013888 (2018).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part A"},{"key":"8258_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.02.005","author":"RS Prescott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prescott, R. S. et al. In vivo generation of dental pulp-like tissue by using dental pulp stem cells, a collagen scaffold, and dentin matrix protein 1 after subcutaneous transplantation in mice. J. Endod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2008.02.005 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"8258_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.07.013","author":"W Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. The performance of human dental pulp stem cells on different three-dimensional scaffold materials. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.07.013 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.1143","author":"RM Nerem","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nerem, R. M. Tissue engineering: the hope, the hype, and the future. Tissue Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.2006.12.1143 (2006).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"8258_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0085","author":"M Lovett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lovett, M., Lee, K., Edwards, A. & Kaplan, D. L. Vascularization strategies for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. - Part B: Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0085 (2009).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. - Part B: Rev."},{"key":"8258_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.057","author":"RE Unger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Unger, R. E. et al. The rapid anastomosis between prevascularized networks on silk fibroin scaffolds generated in vitro with cocultures of human microvascular endothelial and osteoblast cells and the host vasculature. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.057 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigkou, O. et al. Engineered vascularized bone grafts supplimenary information. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. (2010).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905445107"},{"key":"8258_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014","author":"TW Gilbert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilbert, T. W., Sellaro, T. L. & Badylak, S. F. Decellularization of tissues and organs. Biomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"8258_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fsoa-2016-0016","author":"LA de Sousa Iwamoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Sousa Iwamoto, L. A. et al. Tooth tissue engineering: tooth decellularization for natural scaffold. Futur. Sci. OA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/fsoa-2016-0016 (2016).","journal-title":"Futur. Sci. OA"},{"key":"8258_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bernard, M. P. et al. Nucleotide sequences of complementary deoxyribonucleic acids for the Proal Chain of Human Type I procollagen. statistical evaluation of structures that are conserved during evolution. Biochemistry (1983) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00291a023.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00291a023"},{"key":"8258_CR33","unstructured":"Higaski, C.E.K.; Figel, I.C.; Yamada, M. P. A. D o s s i \u00ea t \u00e9 c n i c o: Controle de esteriliza\u00e7\u00e3o em produtos odonto-m\u00e9dico hospitalares. (2007)."},{"key":"8258_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-020-09869-6","volume":"22","author":"AO Paggiaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paggiaro, A. O., Carvalho, V. F. & Gemperli, R. Effect of different human tissue processing techniques on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation-review. Cell Tissue Bank. 22, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"8258_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Ronholm, J., Tian, Y., Sethi, B. & Cao, X. Sterilization techniques for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. J. Tissue Eng. 7, (2016).","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731416648810"},{"key":"8258_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-48","volume":"9","author":"VA Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh, V. A., Nagalingam, J., Saad, M. & Pailoor, J. Which is the best method of sterilization of tumour bone for reimplantation? a biomechanical and histopathological study. Biomed. Eng. Online 9, 1\u201315 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"8258_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Azevedo, J. C., Cruz, \u00c1. S. & Andreoli Pinto, T. D. J. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da biocompatibilidade de implantes mam\u00e1rios de silicone esterilizados por calor seco e pelo \u00f3xido de etileno. Rev. Bras. Ciencias Farm. J. Pharm. Sci. (2006) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.03.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.03.001"},{"key":"8258_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben\u00edcio, D. F. A., Pereira, L. O., da Silva, I. C. R., Azevedo, R. B. & Bezerra, A. C. B. Culture of human dental pulp cells at variable times post-tooth extraction. Braz. Oral Res. 32, (2018).","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0003"},{"key":"8258_CR39","first-page":"897","volume":"8","author":"S Govindaraj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Govindaraj, S. & Muthuraman, M. S. Systematic review on sterilization methods of implants and medical devices. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 8, 897\u2013911 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. ChemTech Res."},{"key":"8258_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889898009856","author":"P Scardi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scardi, P., McCusker, L. B., Von Dreele, R. B., Cox, D. E. & Lou\u00ebr, D. Rietveld refinement guidelines. J. Appl. Crystallogr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S0021889898009856 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"8258_CR41","first-page":"73","volume":"22","author":"R Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, R., Tapia-Pasos, A. & Reyes-Gasga, J. Estudio Del Comportamiento T\u00e9rmico De La Hidroxiapatita Mediante Las T\u00e9cnicas De Espectroscopia Infrarroja Y An\u00e1lisis T\u00e9rmico Diferencial. Rev. Latinoam. Metal. y Mater. 22, 73\u201377 (2002).","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Metal. y Mater."},{"key":"8258_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1590\/S0366-69132010000400011","volume":"56","author":"CS Delfino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delfino, C. S., Ribeiro, C., Vieira, G. F., Bressiani, A. H. A. & Turbino, M. L. The use of new materials for pulp capping (hydroxyapatite\u2013HAp and tricalcium phosphate-\u03b2-TCP). Cer\u00e2mica 56, 381\u2013388 (2010).","journal-title":"Cer\u00e2mica"},{"key":"8258_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.15386\/cjmed-987","volume":"91","author":"A Manea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manea, A. et al. Sterilization protocol for porous dental implants made by selective laser melting. Med. Pharm. Reports 91, 452\u2013457 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Reports"},{"key":"8258_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v8.i4.355","volume":"8","author":"R Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh, R., Singh, D. & Singh, A. Radiation sterilization of tissue allografts: a review. World J. Radiol. 8, 355 (2016).","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"8258_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-014-9442-0","volume":"16","author":"C F\u00f6lsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"F\u00f6lsch, C. et al. Influence of thermodisinfection and duration of cryopreservation at different temperatures on pull out strength of cancellous bone. Cell Tissue Bank. 16, 73\u201381 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08258-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08258-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08258-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T18:49:41Z","timestamp":1669315781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08258-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08258-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4299"}}