{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:13:28Z","timestamp":1789582408846,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was financially supported by the Gang-neung Science & Industry Promotion Agency (GSIPA), Korea, under the \u201cRegional development investment agreement pilot project\u201d."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in reproductive women, which is characterized by depleted level of lactic acid bacteria and overgrowth of anaerobes such as <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> spp. Lactic acid bacteria have been known to be beneficial for amelioration of BV, since they produce antimicrobial substances against <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> spp. The objectives of this study were to characterize different fractions of cell-free supernatant of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus paracasei<\/jats:italic> CH88 (LCFS) and investigate antibacterial activity of the LCFS fractions against <jats:italic>G. vaginalis <\/jats:italic>in-vitro and in-vivo. Antibacterial activity of the LCFS was stable during thermal treatment up to 120\u00a0\u00b0C for 30\u00a0min and maintained at pH ranging from 3.0 to 13.0 except pH 5.0. Fraction below 3\u00a0kDa of the LCFS partially lost its antibacterial activity after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. Precipitated protein fraction below 3\u00a0kDa of the LCFS (&lt;\u20093\u00a0kDa LCFSP) inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>. Treatment of <jats:italic>L. paracasei<\/jats:italic> CH88 or the\u2009&lt;\u20093\u00a0kDa LCFSP attenuated <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>-induced BV in mice by inhibiting the growth of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, reducing exfoliation of vaginal epithelial cells, and regulating immune response. These results suggest that <jats:italic>L. paracasei<\/jats:italic> CH88 may have potential in ameliorating <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>-induced BV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08808-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T12:03:22Z","timestamp":1647691402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antibacterial effect of cell-free supernatant fraction from Lactobacillus paracasei CH88 against Gardnerella vaginalis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6480-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Chae","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeong Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taehwan","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryun Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geun Eog","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0823-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keum Taek","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"8808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu089","volume":"210","author":"JR Schwebke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwebke, J. R., Muzny, C. A. & Josey, W. E. Role of Gardnerella vaginalis in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis: A conceptual model. J. Infect. Dis. 210, 338\u2013343 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1068-607X(00)00043-3","volume":"7","author":"J Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang, J. Bacterial vaginosis. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 7, 181\u2013185 (2000).","journal-title":"Prim Care Update Ob Gyns"},{"key":"8808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.565390","volume":"25","author":"U Laxmi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laxmi, U., Agrawal, S., Raghunandan, C., Randhawa, V. S. & Saili, A. Association of bacterial vaginosis with adverse fetomaternal outcome in women with spontaneous preterm labor: a prospective cohort study. J. Matern-Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 25, 64\u201367 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Matern-Fetal. Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"8808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6924.295","volume":"308","author":"PE Hay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hay, P. E. et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 308, 295\u2013298 (1994).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8808_CR5","first-page":"656","volume":"98","author":"DJ Jamieson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jamieson, D. J. et al. Longitudinal analysis of bacterial vaginosis: Findings from the HIV epidemiology research study. Obstet. Gynecol. 98, 656\u2013663 (2001).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"8808_CR6","first-page":"110","volume":"64","author":"KA Workowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Workowski, K. A. & Bolan, G. A. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR 64, 110\u2013112 (2015).","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"8808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S23814","volume":"3","author":"JP Menard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Menard, J. P. Antibacterial treatment of bacterial vaginosis: current and emerging therapies. Int. J. Womens Health 3, 295 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"8808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.5.3.213","volume":"5","author":"BW Catlin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Catlin, B. W. Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 5, 213\u2013237 (1992).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"8808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00168","volume":"10","author":"S Morrill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morrill, S., Gilbert, N. M. & Lewis, A. L. Gardnerella vaginalis as a cause of bacterial vaginosis: appraisal of the evidence from in vivo models. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 10, 168 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"8808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11640","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11640","volume":"5","author":"J Castro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castro, J. et al. Using an in-vitro biofilm model to assess the virulence potential of bacterial vaginosis or non-bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis isolates. Sci. Rep. 5, 11640 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz342","volume":"220","author":"CA Muzny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muzny, C. A. et al. An updated conceptual model on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. J. Infect. Dis. 220, 1399\u20131405 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8808_CR12","first-page":"443","volume":"41","author":"DG Ferris","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferris, D. G., Litaker, M. S., Woodward, L., Mathis, D. & Hendrich, J. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a comparison of oral metronidazole, metronidazole vaginal gel, and clindamycin vaginal cream. Fam. Pract. 41, 443\u2013450 (1995).","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"8808_CR13","first-page":"889","volume":"45","author":"JM Hanson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hanson, J. M. et al. Metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis. A comparison of vaginal gel vs. oral therapy. JRM 45, 889\u2013896 (2000).","journal-title":"JRM"},{"key":"8808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.033","volume":"191","author":"RH Beigi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beigi, R. H., Austin, M. N., Meyn, L. A., Krohn, M. A. & Hillier, S. L. Antimicrobial resistance associated with the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191, 1124\u20131129 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"8808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1086\/503780","volume":"193","author":"CS Bradshaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bradshaw, C. S. et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J. Infect. Dis. 193, 1478\u20131486 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2001.tb00531.x","volume":"32","author":"G Reid","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reid, G., Beuerman, D., Heinemann, C. & Bruce, A. W. Probiotic Lactobacillus dose required to restore and maintain a normal vaginal flora. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 32, 37\u201341 (2001).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"8808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(02)00465-0","volume":"35","author":"G Reid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reid, G. et al. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 35, 131\u2013134 (2003).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"8808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.08.008","volume":"8","author":"KC Anukam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anukam, K. C. et al. Clinical study comparing probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Microb. Infect. 8, 2772\u20132776 (2006).","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"8808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181e50026","volume":"37","author":"A Hemmerling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hemmerling, A. et al. Phase 2a study assessing colonization efficiency, safety, and acceptability of Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 in women with bacterial vaginosis. STD 37, 745\u2013750 (2010).","journal-title":"STD"},{"key":"8808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","volume":"108","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ravel, J. et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. PNAS 108, 4680\u20134687 (2011).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"8808_CR21","first-page":"331","volume":"89","author":"KL Nunn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nunn, K. L. & Forney, L. J. Focus: microbiome: unraveling the dynamics of the human vaginal microbiome. Y JBM 89, 331 (2016).","journal-title":"Y JBM"},{"key":"8808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.1.94","volume":"164","author":"SJ Klebanoff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Klebanoff, S. J., Hillier, S. L., Eschenbach, D. A. & Waltersdorph, A. M. Control of the microbial flora of the vagina by H2O2-generating lactobacilli. J. Infect. Dis. 164, 94\u2013100 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.9.1809","volume":"16","author":"ER Boskey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boskey, E. R., Cone, R. A., Whaley, K. J. & Moench, T. R. Origins of vaginal acidity: high D\/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source. Hum. Reprod. 16, 1809\u20131813 (2001).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"8808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.01.004","volume":"26","author":"C Sabia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sabia, C. et al. Detection and partial characterization of a bacteriocin-like substance produced by Lactobacillus fermentum CS57 isolated from human vaginal secretions. Anaerobe 26, 41\u201345 (2014).","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"8808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2006.06.003","volume":"12","author":"SP Voravuthikunchai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voravuthikunchai, S. P., Bilasoi, S. & Supamala, O. Antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria by human vaginal lactobacilli. Anaerobe 12, 221\u2013226 (2006).","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"8808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744901000060","volume":"9","author":"AA Aroutcheva","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aroutcheva, A. A., Simoes, J. A. & Faro, S. Antimicrobial protein produced by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus that inhibits Gardnerella vaginalis. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 9, 33\u201339 (2001).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"8808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.08.044","volume":"87","author":"SG Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, S. G. & Chang, H. C. Purification and characterization of mejucin, a new bacteriocin produced by Bacillus subtilis SN7. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 87, 8\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"8808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108403","volume":"114","author":"SY Mun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mun, S. Y., Kim, S. K., Woo, E. R. & Chang, H. C. Purification and characterization of an antimicrobial compound produced by Lactobacillus plantarum EM showing both antifungal and antibacterial activities. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 114, 108403 (2019).","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"8808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060531","volume":"9","author":"SE Jang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jang, S. E. et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-14 attenuate Gardnerella vaginalis-infected bacterial vaginosis in mice. Nutrients 9, 531 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"8808_CR30","first-page":"e3382","volume":"58","author":"J Yano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yano, J. & Fidel, P. L. Jr. Protocols for vaginal inoculation and sample collection in the experimental mouse model of Candida vaginitis. J. Vis. Exp. 58, e3382 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"8808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.07.002","volume":"11","author":"HM Joo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joo, H. M. et al. Lactobacillus johnsonii HY7042 ameliorates Gardnerella vaginalis-induced vaginosis by killing Gardnerella vaginalis and inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation. Int. Immunopharmacol. 11, 1758\u20131765 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"8808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.03.001","volume":"27","author":"P Wannun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wannun, P., Piwat, S. & Teanpaisan, R. Purification and characterization of bacteriocin produced by oral Lactobacillus paracasei SD1. Anaerobe 27, 17\u201321 (2014).","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"8808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"J Ge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ge, J., Sun, Y., Xin, X., Wang, Y. & Ping, W. Purification and partial characterization of a novel bacteriocin synthesized by Lactobacillus paracasei HD1-7 isolated from Chinese sauerkraut juice. Sci. Rep. 6, 1\u20137 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00016.x","volume":"2","author":"HC And","year":"2003","unstructured":"And, H. C. & Hoover, D. G. Bacteriocins and their food applications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2, 82\u2013100 (2003).","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"8808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111125","volume":"143","author":"P Ye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ye, P., Wang, J., Liu, M., Li, P. & Gu, Q. Purification and characterization of a novel bacteriocin from Lactobacillus paracasei ZFM54. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 143, 111125 (2021).","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"8808_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01417-7","volume":"84","author":"Y H\u00e9chard","year":"2002","unstructured":"H\u00e9chard, Y. & Sahl, H. G. Mode of action of modified and unmodified bacteriocins from Gram-positive bacteria. Biochimie 84, 545\u2013557 (2002).","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"8808_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-011-0958-1","volume":"28","author":"K Bendjeddou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bendjeddou, K., Fons, M., Strocker, P. & Sadoun, D. Characterization and purification of a bacteriocin from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BMK2005, an intestinal isolate active against multidrug-resistant pathogens. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1543\u20131552 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"8808_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-13-S1-S3","volume":"13","author":"RH Perez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perez, R. H., Zendo, T. & Sonomoto, K. Novel bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB): various structures and applications. Microb. Cell Fact. 13, 1\u201313 (2014).","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"8808_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-018-0679-z","volume":"8","author":"C Gaspar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaspar, C. et al. Bacteriocin production of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus KS400. AMB Express 8, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"8808_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-010-9061-4","volume":"3","author":"KS Noll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noll, K. S., Sinko, P. J. & Chikindas, M. L. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action of the natural antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against the bacterial vaginosis-associated pathogen Gardnerella vaginalis. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 3, 41\u201347 (2011).","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"8808_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05376.x","volume":"113","author":"S Riazi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riazi, S., Dover, S. E. & Chikindas, M. L. Mode of action and safety of lactosporin, a novel antimicrobial protein produced by Bacillus coagulans ATCC 7050. J. Appl. Microbiol. 113, 714\u2013722 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"8808_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2","volume":"106","author":"A Swidsinski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swidsinski, A. et al. Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Obstet. Gynecol. 106, 1013\u20131023 (2005).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"8808_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit050","volume":"207","author":"JM Marrazzo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marrazzo, J. M. Vaginal biofilms and bacterial vaginosis: of mice and women. J. Infect. Dis. 207, 1481\u20131483 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8808_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154086","volume":"11","author":"C Gottschick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gottschick, C. et al. Screening of compounds against Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms. PLoS ONE 11, e0154086 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8808_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.11.040","volume":"55","author":"S Saunders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saunders, S., Bocking, A., Challis, J. & Reid, G. Effect of Lactobacillus challenge on Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms. Colloids Surf. B 55, 138\u2013142 (2007).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"8808_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040728","volume":"9","author":"Z Qian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qian, Z. et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. strains inhibit growth, adhesion, biofilm formation, and gene expression of bacterial vaginosis-inducing Gardnerella vaginalis. Microorganisms 9, 728 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"8808_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44579-4","volume":"9","author":"SJ Jang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jang, S. J., Lee, K., Kwon, B., You, H. J. & Ko, G. Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8808_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059539","volume":"8","author":"NM Gilbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilbert, N. M., Lewis, W. G. & Lewis, A. L. Clinical features of bacterial vaginosis in a murine model of vaginal infection with Gardnerella vaginalis. PLoS ONE 8, e59539 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8808_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(55)90095-8","volume":"69","author":"HL Gardner","year":"1955","unstructured":"Gardner, H. L. & Dukes, C. D. Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis: a newly defined specific infection previously classified \u201cnonspecific\u201d vaginitis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 69, 962\u2013976 (1955).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"8808_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191524","volume":"13","author":"LJ Sierra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sierra, L. J. et al. Colonization of the cervicovaginal space with Gardnerella vaginalis leads to local inflammation and cervical remodeling in pregnant mice. PLoS ONE 13, e0191524 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08808-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08808-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08808-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:25:09Z","timestamp":1669335909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08808-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08808-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"MSP, GEJ and KTH hold BIFIDO Ltd. stocks. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4763"}}