{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:33:51Z","timestamp":1759336431627,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of HCV on the HIV reservoir is controversial since the reduction on HIV-DNA levels after HCV eradication with IFN\u03b1\/RBV treatment seems to be the result of drugs instead of HCV clearance. We assessed whether HCV eradication can decrease HIV-DNA content in HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients treated with direct-acting antivirals, DAAs (IFN\u03b1\/RBV-free regimens). Cell-associated HIV-DNA was measured by ddPCR in 25 HIV-monoinfected and 25 HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients. There were no differences in HIV-DNA levels between groups neither at baseline nor at 12\u00a0weeks after DAAs treatment completion. Our results indicate that HCV does not appear to influence the HIV reservoir size and suggest the lack of an anti-HIV action for DAAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08871-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T22:03:07Z","timestamp":1648159387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HIV-reservoir size is not affected either by HCV coinfection or by direct acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Navarrete-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Briz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Olmedillas-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Nistal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"G\u00f3rgolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Garc\u00eda-Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norma","family":"Rall\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"8871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31829c6de0","volume":"64","author":"AC Hodowanec","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hodowanec, A. C. et al. Characterization of CD4+ T-cell immune activation and interleukin 10 levels among HIV, hepatitis C virus, and HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 64, 232\u2013240 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"8871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20080532","volume":"116","author":"C Korner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Korner, C. et al. Effects of HCV coinfection on apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells in HIV-positive patients. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 116, 861\u2013870 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond)"},{"key":"8871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173943","volume":"12","author":"N Rall\u00f3n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rall\u00f3n, N. et al. HCV coinfection contributes to HIV pathogenesis by increasing immune exhaustion in CD8 T-cells. PLoS ONE 12, e0173943 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064956","volume":"8","author":"S Sengupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sengupta, S., Powell, E., Kong, L. & Blackard, J. T. Effects of HCV on basal and tat-induced HIV LTR activation. PLoS ONE 8, e64956 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.03.011","volume":"118","author":"YM Jiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiao, Y. M. et al. Hepatitis C therapy with interferon-\u03b1 and ribavirin reduces the CD4 cell count and the total, 2LTR circular and integrated HIV-1 DNA in HIV\/HCV co-infected patients. Antiviral Res. 118, 118\u2013122 (2015).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"8871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit628","volume":"209","author":"H Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. Hepatitis C therapy with interferon-\u03b1 and ribavirin reduces CD4 T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA in HIV-1\/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. J. Infect. Dis. 209, 1315\u20131320 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-018-0538-1","volume":"207","author":"SG Parisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parisi, S. G. et al. Soluble CD163 and soluble CD14 plasma levels but not cellular HIV-DNA decrease during successful interferon-free anti-HCV therapy in HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients on effective combined anti-HIV treatment. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 207, 183\u2013194 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"8871_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187095","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187095","volume":"12","author":"G Rozera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozera, G. et al. Peripheral blood HIV-1 DNA dynamics in antiretroviral-treated HIV\/HCV co-infected patients receiving directly-acting antivirals. PLoS ONE 12, e0187095 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8871_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy136","volume":"218","author":"LF L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s, L. F. et al. Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) reduces immune activation, microbial translocation, and the HIV DNA level in HIV\/HCV-coinfected patients. J. Infect. Dis. 218, 624\u2013632 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa115","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa115","volume":"7","author":"Y Ghiglione","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghiglione, Y. et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance after treatment with direct-acting antivirals in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HCV coinfection modulates systemic immune activation and HIV transcription on antiretroviral therapy. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 7, ofaa115 (2020).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8871_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00773","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00773-20","volume":"64","author":"R De Pablo-Bernal","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Pablo-Bernal, R. et al. Modulation of monocyte activation and function during direct antiviral agent treatment in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64, e00773-e820 (2020).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"8871_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41788-9","volume":"9","author":"MR L\u00f3pez-Huertas","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Huertas, M. R. et al. HCV-coinfection is related to an increased HIV-1 reservoir size in cART-treated HIV patients: A cross-sectional study. Sci. Rep. 9, 5606 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111573109","volume":"109","author":"SK Pillai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pillai, S. K. et al. Role of retroviral restriction factors in the interferon-alpha-mediated suppression of HIV-1 in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 3035\u20133040 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"8871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1111","volume":"66","author":"S Hua","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hua, S. et al. Pegylated interferon-\u03b1-induced natural killer cell activation is associated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 DNA decline in antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1\/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 66, 1910\u20131917 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"8871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835a5c2f","volume":"26","author":"AM Mexas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mexas, A. M. et al. Concurrent measures of total and integrated HIV DNA monitor reservoirs and ongoing replication in eradication trials. AIDS 26, 2295\u20132306 (2012).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"8871_CR16","first-page":"e100547","volume":"12","author":"M Kiselinova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiselinova, M. et al. Integrated and total HIV-1 DNA predict ex vivo viral outgrowth. PLoS Pathog. 12, e100547 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"8871_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30460-X","volume":"2","author":"W Trypsteen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trypsteen, W., Kiselinova, M., Vandekerckhove, L. & De Spiegelaere, W. Diagnostic utility of droplet digital PCR for HIV reservoir quantification. J. Virus Erad. 2, 162\u2013169 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08871-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08871-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08871-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:54:18Z","timestamp":1669337658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08871-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08871-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5095"}}