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Gluten intake in the first years of life is a controversial risk factor. We aimed to estimate the risk of developing CD associated with the amount of gluten intake and the serum inflammatory profile in genetically predisposed infants. From an Italian cohort of children at risk for CD, we enrolled 27 children who developed CD (cases) and 56 controls matched by sex and age. A dietary interview at 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36\u00a0months was performed. Serum cytokines (INF\u03b3, IL1\u03b2, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10 IL12p70, IL17, and TNF\u03b1) were analysed at 4 and 36\u00a0months. Infants who developed CD by 6\u00a0years showed an increase in serum cytokines (INF\u03b3, IL1\u03b2, IL2, IL6, IL10, IL12p70 and TNF\u03b1) at 4\u00a0months of age before gluten introduction. CD cases ate significantly more gluten in the second year of life than controls, and gluten intake in the second year of life was strongly correlated with serum cytokines (INF\u03b3, IL2, IL4, IL12p70, IL17) at 36\u00a0months only in CD cases. The dietary pattern of infants who developed CD was characterized by high consumption of biscuits and fruit juices and low intake of milk products, legumes, vegetables and fruits. Genetically predisposed infants who developed CD showed a unique serum cytokine profile at 4\u00a0months before gluten consumption. The amount of gluten was strongly correlated with an inflammatory profile in serum cytokines at 36\u00a0months only in infants who developed CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09232-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T16:39:06Z","timestamp":1648658346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gluten consumption and inflammation affect the development of celiac disease in at-risk children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Renata","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Galatola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Cielo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortunata","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Matarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Troncone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"9232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-040210-092915","volume":"29","author":"V Abadie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abadie, V., Sollid, L. 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