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Besides these characteristics, other features, including gender or genetic polymorphism of dopamine receptors are potential factors influencing the disease\u2019s phenotype. By utilizing a kmeans-clustering algorithm we were able to identify three subgroups mainly characterized by gender, DRD2 Taq1A (rs1800497) polymorphism\u2014associated with changes in dopamine signaling in the brain\u2014and disease progression. A subsequent regression analysis of these subgroups further suggests an influence of their characteristics on the daily levodopa dosage, an indicator for medication response. 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LT received honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by TEVA Pharma, Lundbeck Pharma, Bracco, Gianni PR, Medas Pharma, UCB Schwarz Pharma, Desitin Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Eumecom, Orion Pharma, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Cephalon, Abott, GE Medical, Archimedes, Bayer, TAD Pharma. EAP, SS DLF, CM, FS, MS, CE and MT had no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6038"}}