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However, it is unclear what kind of cues we use to do this. We focused on two types of visual change that occur when actors push an elastic material from above with their fingers: visual shaking and visual indentation depth. The first one relates to a finger\/hand shaking, known as an \u201cinduced tremor\u201d, and the second one relates to material deformation due to the application of force. We found that human observers mainly used visual shaking to estimate the force being applied by another person in a video clip. Overall, the apparent applied force was perceived to be stronger when the level of visual shaking was greater. We also found that observers mainly used visual indentation depth and visual shaking to estimate the softness rating of materials. Overall, the apparent softness was perceived to be greater when the visual indentation depth was larger and the level of visual shaking was lower, which indicates that observers use visual shaking to estimate the force being applied, and that estimated force is then used for an estimation of softness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10243-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T19:41:03Z","timestamp":1649878863000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Visual estimation of the force applied by another person"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Ujitoko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2182","volume":"11","author":"SM Aglioti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aglioti, S. 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There is a pending patent involving the reported research. There are no products in development or marketed products to declare. The pending patent does not alter the author\u2019s adherence to policies of Scientific Reports.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6216"}}