{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T01:37:15Z","timestamp":1792892235537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed symptoms and comorbidities as predictors of hospitalization in 710 outpatients in North-East Germany with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the first 3\u00a0days of infection, commonly reported symptoms were fatigue (71.8%), arthralgia\/myalgia (56.8%), headache (55.1%), and dry cough (51.8%). Loss of smell (anosmia), loss of taste (ageusia), dyspnea, and productive cough were reported with an onset of 4\u00a0days. Anosmia or ageusia were reported by only 18% of the participants at day one, but up to 49% between days 7 and 9. Not all participants who reported ageusia also reported anosmia. Individuals suffering from ageusia without anosmia were at highest risk of hospitalization (OR 6.8, 95% CI 2.5\u201318.1). They also experienced more commonly dyspnea and nausea (OR of 3.0, 2.9, respectively) suggesting pathophysiological connections between these symptoms. Other symptoms significantly associated with increased risk of hospitalization were dyspnea, vomiting, and fever. Among basic parameters and comorbidities, age\u2009&gt;\u200960\u00a0years, COPD, prior stroke, diabetes, kidney and cardiac diseases were also associated with increased risk of hospitalization. In conclusion, due to the delayed onset, ageusia and anosmia may be of limited use in differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. However, differentiation between ageusia and anosmia may be useful for evaluating risk for hospitalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11103-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1651640559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Course of disease and risk factors for hospitalization in outpatients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eik","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Scheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Salj\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kohlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils-Olaf","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Napp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizon","family":"Fiedler-Lacombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Nauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"V\u00f6lker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Lucchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Fl\u00f6el","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Engeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Hahnenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mladen V.","family":"Tzvetkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"11103_CR1","unstructured":"Medicine, J.H.U. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) (2021). https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html. Accessed 20 Apr 2022."},{"key":"11103_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00295","volume":"7","author":"J Koh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koh, J. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 7, 295 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"11","key":"11103_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00603-7","volume":"2","author":"DS Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, D. S., Richey, E. A. & Brunetto, W. L. A symptom-based rule for diagnosis of COVID-19. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 2(11), 1\u20138 (2020).","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"11103_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30371-6","volume":"20","author":"S de Lusignan","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Lusignan, S. et al. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20(9), 1034\u20131042 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"11103_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985","volume":"369","author":"AB Docherty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Docherty, A. B. et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ 369, m1985 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"25","key":"11103_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6925e1","volume":"69","author":"ME Killerby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Killerby, M. E. et al. Characteristics associated with hospitalization among patients with COVID-19\u2014Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March-April 2020. Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 69(25), 790\u2013794 (2020).","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"11103_CR7","volume-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Daily Situation Report by the Robert Koch Institute 27\/09\/2021\u2014Current Status for Germany","author":"Robert-Koch-Institut","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robert-Koch-Institut. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Daily Situation Report by the Robert Koch Institute 27\/09\/2021\u2014Current Status for Germany (Robert-Koch-Institut, 2021)."},{"issue":"3","key":"11103_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21465","volume":"325","author":"JP Donnelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Donnelly, J. P. et al. Readmission and death after initial hospital discharge among patients with COVID-19 in a large multihospital system. JAMA 325(3), 304\u2013306 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"11103_CR9","unstructured":"Schilling, J., et al., Krankheitsschwere der ersten COVID-19-Welle in Deutschland basierend auf den Meldungen gem\u00e4\u00df Infektionsschutzgesetz (2020)."},{"issue":"8","key":"11103_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, N. et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 382(8), 727\u2013733 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11103_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3905","volume":"174","author":"BT Garibaldi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garibaldi, B. T. et al. Patient trajectories among persons hospitalized for COVID-19: A cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 174(1), 33\u201341 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"11103_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3339","volume":"370","author":"SR Knight","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knight, S. R. et al. Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C mortality score. BMJ 370, 3339 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"11103_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30559-2","volume":"9","author":"RK Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta, R. K. et al. Development and validation of the ISARIC 4C Deterioration model for adults hospitalised with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 9(4), 349\u2013359 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"11103_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-217629","author":"SR Knight","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knight, S. R. et al. Prospective validation of the 4C prognostic models for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol. Thorax. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-217629 (2021).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"11103_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719120","volume":"25","author":"TI Hariyanto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hariyanto, T. I., Rizki, N. A. & Kurniawan, A. Anosmia\/hyposmia is a good predictor of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection: A meta-analysis. Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 25(1), e170\u2013e174 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"issue":"3","key":"11103_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248920","volume":"16","author":"LF Dantas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dantas, L. F. et al. App-based symptom tracking to optimize SARS-CoV-2 testing strategy using machine learning. PLoS ONE 16(3), e0248920 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"11103_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246312","volume":"16","author":"A Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider, A. et al. Covid-19 in outpatients-Is fever a useful indicator for SARS-CoV-2 infection? PLoS ONE 16(2), e0246312 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"11103_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102889","volume":"42","author":"REA Santos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santos, R. E. A. et al. Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell\/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 42(2), 102889 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"issue":"1","key":"11103_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02152-5","volume":"21","author":"M Amanat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amanat, M. et al. Neurological manifestations as the predictors of severity and mortality in hospitalized individuals with COVID-19: A multicenter prospective clinical study. BMC Neurol. 21(1), 116 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"11103_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592","volume":"10","author":"CH Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan, C. H. et al. Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in COVID-19. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(7), 821\u2013831 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"issue":"10","key":"11103_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-020-00641-5","volume":"22","author":"A Giorli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giorli, A. et al. A literature systematic review with meta-analysis of symptoms prevalence in covid-19: The relevance of olfactory symptoms in infection not requiring hospitalization. Curr. Treat Opt. Neurol. 22(10), 36 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Treat Opt. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"11103_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26269","volume":"42","author":"LA Vaira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaira, L. A. et al. Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study. Head Neck 42(7), 1560\u20131569 (2020).","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"7","key":"11103_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22608","volume":"10","author":"C Hopkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hopkins, C., Vaira, L. A. & De Riu, G. Self-reported olfactory loss in COVID-19: Is it really a favorable prognostic factor? Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(7), 926 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"11103_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.5.667","volume":"60","author":"JG Heckmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heckmann, J. G. et al. Neurological aspects of taste disorders. Arch. Neurol. 60(5), 667\u2013671 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"11103_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003751","volume":"88","author":"JK Cutsforth-Gregory","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cutsforth-Gregory, J. K. & Benarroch, E. E. Nucleus of the solitary tract, medullary reflexes, and clinical implications. Neurology 88(12), 1187\u20131196 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"11103_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1219","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00028.2012","volume":"302","author":"TL King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King, T. L. et al. Hypoxia activates nucleus tractus solitarii neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 302(10), R1219\u2013R1232 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"11103_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10474-0","volume":"268","author":"T Bocci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bocci, T. et al. Brainstem clinical and neurophysiological involvement in COVID-19. J. Neurol. 268(10), 3598\u20133600 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"11103_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102556","volume":"19","author":"G Lucchese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lucchese, G. & Floel, A. Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pacemaker neurons. Autoimmun. Rev. 19(7), 102556 (2020).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"11103_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233147","volume":"15","author":"JS Alqahtani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alqahtani, J. S. et al. Prevalence, severity and mortality associated with copd and smoking in patients with COVID-19: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15(5), e0233147 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11103_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100789","volume":"33","author":"FV Gerayeli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerayeli, F. V. et al. COPD and the risk of poor outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 33, 100789 (2021).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"11103_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003321","volume":"17","author":"SL Harrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrison, S. L. et al. Comorbidities associated with mortality in 31,461 adults with COVID-19 in the United States: A federated electronic medical record analysis. PLoS Med. 17(9), e1003321 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"11103_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020503","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020503","volume":"10","author":"MMA Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan, M. M. A. et al. Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Glob. Health 10(2), 020503 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"11103_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83226-9","volume":"11","author":"SC Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S. C. et al. Impact of COPD on COVID-19 prognosis: A nationwide population-based study in South Korea. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 3735 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7821","key":"11103_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","volume":"584","author":"EJ Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson, E. J. et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584(7821), 430\u2013436 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"48","key":"11103_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000895","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.48.2000895","volume":"25","author":"C Kaeuffer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaeuffer, C. et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with severe COVID-19: Prospective analysis of 1,045 hospitalised cases in North-Eastern France, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 25(48), 2000895 (2020).","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"issue":"1","key":"11103_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.006","volume":"146","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 146(1), 110\u2013118 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"11103_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002072","volume":"34","author":"W Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng, W. et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 34, 168 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"11103_CR38","first-page":"615","volume":"33","author":"M Aziz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aziz, M. et al. Gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Gastroenterol. 33(6), 615\u2013630 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"11103_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100158","volume":"8","author":"L Semenzato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Semenzato, L. et al. Chronic diseases, health conditions and risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization and in-hospital mortality during the first wave of the epidemic in France: A cohort study of 66 million people. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 8, 100158 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"issue":"2","key":"11103_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.203729","volume":"27","author":"GM Vahey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vahey, G. M. et al. Symptom profiles and progression in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with coronavirus disease, Colorado, USA, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27(2), 385\u2013395 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"11103_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.09.014","volume":"189","author":"FJ Prado-Galbarro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prado-Galbarro, F. J. et al. Determinants of survival after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Mexican outpatients and hospitalised patients. Public Health 189, 66\u201372 (2020).","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"11103_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1966","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1966","volume":"369","author":"CM Petrilli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrilli, C. M. et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 369, m1966 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"11103_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S305295","volume":"14","author":"A Halalau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halalau, A. et al. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of a large cohort of COVID-19 outpatients in Michigan. Int. J. Gen. Med. 14, 1555\u20131563 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"11103_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018806196","volume":"14","author":"MS Badve","year":"2019","unstructured":"Badve, M. S. et al. Frequency of post-stroke pneumonia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Stroke 14(2), 125\u2013136 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"11103_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-110","volume":"11","author":"WF Westendorp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Westendorp, W. F. et al. Post-stroke infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 11, 110 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"11103_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1085302","volume":"13","author":"MZ Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan, M. Z. et al. Risk factors for lung infection in stroke patients: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 13(10), 1289\u20131298 (2015).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"11103_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70061-9","volume":"7","author":"HC Emsley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Emsley, H. C. & Hopkins, S. J. Acute ischaemic stroke and infection: Recent and emerging concepts. Lancet Neurol. 7(4), 341\u2013353 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"11103_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105392","volume":"30","author":"A Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, A. et al. Stroke and thromboprophylaxis in the era of COVID-19. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 30(1), 105392 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"11103_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2003","volume":"173","author":"D Wichmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wichmann, D. et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with covid-19: A prospective cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 173(4), 268\u2013277 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"11103_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.21.0051","author":"J Gleason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gleason, J. et al. The devastating impact of Covid-19 on individuals with intellectual disabilities in the United States. NEJM Catal. Innov. Care Deliv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/CAT.21.0051 (2021).","journal-title":"NEJM Catal. Innov. Care Deliv."},{"issue":"4","key":"11103_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4986","volume":"174","author":"AK Clift","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clift, A. K. et al. COVID-19 mortality risk in down syndrome: Results from a cohort study of 8 million adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 174(4), 572\u2013576 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"11103_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-0485-2","volume":"43","author":"S Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, S. et al. COVID-19 patients with hypertension have more severe disease: A multicenter retrospective observational study. Hypertens. Res. 43(8), 824\u2013831 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"11103_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108346","volume":"166","author":"L Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Comorbid diabetes and the risk of disease severity or death among 8807 COVID-19 patients in China: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 166, 108346 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"11103_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104354","volume":"127","author":"L Roncon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roncon, L. et al. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome. J. Clin. Virol. 127, 104354 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"11103_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000547","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00547-2020","volume":"55","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan, W. J. et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 55(5), 2000547 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"11103_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002108","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02108-2020","volume":"56","author":"JM Leung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leung, J. M. et al. COVID-19 and COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 56(2), 2002108 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"11103_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","volume":"97","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 97(5), 829\u2013838 (2020).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"11103_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.14.22269295","author":"MH Ebell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ebell, M. H., Hamadani, R. & Kieber-Emmons, A. Simple risk scores to predict hospitalization or death in outpatients with COVID-19. MedRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.01.14.22269295 (2022).","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"issue":"6","key":"11103_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044242","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044242","volume":"11","author":"F Jacquerioz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacquerioz, F. et al. Development and validation of the OUTCoV score to predict the risk of hospitalisation among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in ambulatory settings: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 11(6), e044242 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"11103_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204507","volume":"27","author":"PN Wiegele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiegele, P. N. et al. Symptom diary-based analysis of disease course among patients with mild coronavirus disease, Germany, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27(5), 1353\u20131361 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11103-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11103-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11103-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T21:35:58Z","timestamp":1669325758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11103-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11103-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7249"}}