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Here, we studied the bionomics and genetically characterized populations of <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> complexes trapped outdoors in three selected dryland areas including Kerio Valley, Nguruman and Rabai in Kenya. We observed a higher abundance of <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> group members (n\u2009=\u2009639, 90.6%) compared to those of the <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> complex (n\u2009=\u200966, 9.4%) with <jats:italic>An. longipalpis<\/jats:italic> C as the dominant vector species with a <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> sporozoite rate (<jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>sp) of 5.2% (19\/362). The known malaria vectors including <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> s.s. (8.7%, 2\/23), <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic> (14.3%, 2\/14), <jats:italic>An. rivulorum<\/jats:italic> (14.1%, 9\/64), <jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic> (1.9%, 1\/52) occurred in low densities and displayed high <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>sp rates, which varied with the site. Additionally, six cryptic species found associated with the <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> group harbored <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic> sporozoites (cumulative <jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>sp rate\u2009=\u20097.2%, 13\/181). We detected low frequency of resistant 119F-<jats:italic>GSTe2<\/jats:italic> alleles in <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic> s.s. (15.6%) and <jats:italic>An. longipalpis<\/jats:italic> C (3.1%) in Kerio Valley only. Evidence of outdoor activity, emergence of novel and divergent vectors and detection of mutations conferring metabolic resistance to pyrethroid\/DDT could contribute to residual malaria transmission posing a threat to effective malaria control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11333-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T10:03:30Z","timestamp":1651572210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Outdoor malaria vector species profile in dryland ecosystems of Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Kinya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford M.","family":"Mutero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice A.","family":"Owino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Rotich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin O.","family":"Ogola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldwyn","family":"Torto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Tchouassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"11333_CR1","unstructured":"Division of National Malaria Programme (DNMP) [Kenya] and ICF 2021. 2020 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey Summary Report. 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