{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:56:18Z","timestamp":1777668978316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Tibet","award":["XZ202001ZY0050G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202001ZY0050G"]}]},{"name":"Key Project on Major Theoretical and Practical Issues of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Shaanxi Province","award":["2021ZD1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD1044"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Program","award":["XZ202201YD0014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202201YD0014C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although previous studies have been reported between the Kashin\u2013Beck Disease (KBD) epidemic and the hydrochemical characteristics of surface waters, the etiology of the disease remains unclear. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the relationship between the KBD and the hydrochemical characteristics of surface waters in Longzi County. Results show that, the pH (mean\u2009=\u20097.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30), total hardness (TH, mean\u2009=\u200957.08\u2009\u00b1\u200945.74\u00a0mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), total dissolved solids (TDS, mean\u2009=\u200967.56\u2009\u00b1\u200944.00\u00a0mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and oxidation\u2013reduction potential (ORP, mean\u2009=\u200984.11\u2009\u00b1\u200923.55\u00a0mV) of surface waters in KBD endemic areas are lower than those in the non-KBD endemic areas (means of pH\u2009=\u20097.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30; TH\u2009=\u2009262.06\u2009\u00b1\u2009123.29\u00a0mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; TDS\u2009=\u2009253.25\u2009\u00b1\u2009100.39\u00a0mg L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; ORP\u2009=\u2009215.90\u2009\u00b1\u200955.99\u00a0mV). These results suggest that long-term consumption of low TDS, essential trace elements (e.g., nickel, cobalt, iron, selenium, zinc, molybdenum, and iodine) deficient, and potential toxic elements (e.g., arsenic) enriched waters by humans likely causes the KBD. Environmental factors such as the geology and geomorphology may produce biogeochemical imbalance, geomorphic, vegetation types and local climatic conditions may have significant impact on food fungi toxin poisoning and water organic compound poisoning, and these also impact the KBD occurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11463-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T10:33:06Z","timestamp":1652351586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hydrochemical characteristics of surface waters and their relationships to the Kashin\u2013Beck Disease in Longzi County, Tibet"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xinjie","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengqun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"11463_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.006","volume":"50","author":"J Koehler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koehler, J., Rayner, S., Katuva, J., Thomson, P. & Hope, R. A cultural theory of drinking water risks, values and institutional change. Global Environ. Chang. 50, 268\u2013277 (2018).","journal-title":"Global Environ. Chang."},{"key":"11463_CR2","first-page":"127","volume":"5","author":"FS Al-Fartusie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Fartusie, F. S. & Mohssan, S. N. Essential trace elements and their vital roles in human body. Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci. 5, 127\u2013136 (2017).","journal-title":"Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"11463_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00133-7","volume":"38","author":"RL Calderon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Calderon, R. L. The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38, S13-20 (2000).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"11463_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konikowska, K. & Mandecka, A. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2018).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119133780.ch17"},{"key":"11463_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1029\/TR025i006p00914","volume":"25","author":"AM Piper","year":"1944","unstructured":"Piper, A. M. A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 25, 914\u2013928 (1944).","journal-title":"EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"11463_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1994-y","volume":"29","author":"Y Tian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Yu, C., Zha, X., Gao, X. & Dai, E. Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of natural water in the border areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Geogr. Sci. 29, 1876\u20131894 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"11463_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3962.1088","volume":"170","author":"RJ Gibbs","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gibbs, R. J. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170, 1088\u20131090 (1970).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11463_CR8","unstructured":"Berner, E. K. & Berner, R. A. The global water cycle: geochemistry and environment. (Prentice Hall Inc., 1987)."},{"key":"11463_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90045-2","volume":"29","author":"HV Warren","year":"1989","unstructured":"Warren, H. V. Geology, trace elements and health. Soc. Sci. Med. 29, 923\u2013926 (1989).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"11463_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00028680","volume":"281","author":"JG Webster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Webster, J. G., Brown, K. L. & Vincent, W. F. Geochemical processes affecting meltwater chemistry and the formation of saline ponds in the Victoria Valley and Bull Pass region Antarctica. Hydrobiologia 281, 171\u2013186 (1994).","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"11463_CR11","first-page":"378","volume":"15","author":"KP Cantor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cantor, K. P. Drinking water and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 15, 378\u2013380 (2004).","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"11463_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2523::AID-CNCR2820370545>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"37","author":"W Morton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morton, W., Starr, G., Daryl, P., Stoner, J. & Paul, W. Skin cancer and water arsenic in Lane County Oregon. Cancer 37, 2523\u20132532 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"11463_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-010-9507-6","volume":"72","author":"JH Tien","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tien, J. H. & Earn, D. J. D. Multiple transmission pathways and disease dynamics in a waterborne pathogen model. B. Math. Biol. 72, 1506\u20131533 (2010).","journal-title":"B. Math. Biol."},{"key":"11463_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"2013","author":"S Khademikia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khademikia, S. et al. Association of nitrate, nitrite, and total organic carbon (TOC) in drinking water and gastrointestinal disease. J. Environ. Public Hlth. 2013, 1\u20134 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Hlth."},{"key":"11463_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-8632.158577","volume":"4","author":"RT Chitturi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chitturi, R. T., Baddam, V. R. R., Prasad, L. K., Prashanth, L. & Kattapagari, K. K. A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease. J. Dr. NTR. U. Hlth. Sci. 4, 75\u201385 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Dr. NTR. U. Hlth. Sci."},{"key":"11463_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2013.03.006","volume":"48","author":"K Kukli\u0144ska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kukli\u0144ska, K., Wolska, L., Namie\u015bnik, J., Cieszynska, M. & Wolska, L. Analytical and bioanalytical problems associated with the toxicity of elemental sulfur in the environment. Trend. Anal. Chem. 48, 14\u201321 (2013).","journal-title":"Trend. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"11463_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, V. B. Rare osteoarthritis: Ochronosis and Kashin\u2013Beck disease. 6th edition edn, Vol. 185 1536\u20131547 (Elsevier, 2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-09138-1.00185-6"},{"key":"11463_CR18","unstructured":"Malaisse, F. & Mathieu, F. Big Bone Disease. 85\u2013100 (Agro de Gembloux, 2008)."},{"key":"11463_CR19","first-page":"343","volume":"89","author":"L Sokoloff","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sokoloff, L. The history of Kashin-Beck disease. N. Y. J. Med. 89, 343\u2013351 (1989).","journal-title":"N. Y. J. Med."},{"key":"11463_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640000178","volume":"25","author":"T Yamamuro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamamuro, T. Kashin-Beck disease: A historical overview. Int. Orthop. 25, 134\u2013137 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"11463_CR21","unstructured":"Tan, J. The atlas of endemic diseases and their environments in the people's Republic of China. (Science Press, 1989)."},{"key":"11463_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.09.002","volume":"16","author":"J Cao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cao, J. et al. Articular cartilage metabolism in patients with Kashin-Beck disease: An endemic osteoarthropathy in China. Osteoarthr. Cartilage. 16, 680\u2013688 (2008).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartilage."},{"key":"11463_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391604","volume":"339","author":"R Moreno-Reyes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moreno-Reyes, R. et al. Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy in rural Tibet in relation to selenium and iodine status. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1112\u20131120 (1998).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"11463_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1126\/science.324_1378","volume":"324","author":"R Stone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stone, R. A medical mystery in middle China. Science 324, 1378\u20131381 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11463_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39792-0","volume":"9","author":"X Zha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zha, X. & Gao, X. Ecological analysis of Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy risk factors in Tibet\u2019s Qamdo City China. Sci. Rep. 9, 2471 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"11463_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010001","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Assessing the health loss from Kashin-Beck disease and its relationship with environmental selenium in Qamdo district of Tibet China. Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. Hlth. 18, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. Hlth."},{"key":"11463_CR27","unstructured":"National Health Commission (NHC). China Health Statistics Yearbook 2020. Vol. 10 272 (Beijing Union Medical University Press, 2020)."},{"key":"11463_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.035","volume":"112","author":"QT Dinh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinh, Q. T. et al. Selenium distribution in the Chinese environment and its relationship with human health: A review. Environ. Int. 112, 294\u2013309 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"11463_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00889-0","volume":"284","author":"J Tan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tan, J. et al. Selenium in soil and endemic diseases in China. Sci. Total Environ. 284, 227\u2013235 (2002).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"11463_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.03.002","volume":"27","author":"Y Yao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Pei, F. & Kang, P. Selenium, iodine, and the relation with Kashin-Beck disease. Nutrition 27, 1095\u20131100 (2011).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"11463_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640000190","volume":"25","author":"JL Pasteels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pasteels, J. L. et al. Histology of Kashin-Beck lesions. Int. Orthop. 25, 151\u2013153 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"11463_CR32","unstructured":"Chasseur, C. et al. in Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection Advances in Stored Product Protection (York, UK, 2002)."},{"key":"11463_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107293","volume":"107","author":"A Peng","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peng, A. et al. The role of humic substances in drinking water in Kashin-Beck disease in China. Environ. Hlth. Persp. 107, 293\u2013296 (1999).","journal-title":"Environ. Hlth. Persp."},{"key":"11463_CR34","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Peng, B. & Peng, A. Role of interaction between selenium and organic matters on causes of Kaschin\u2013Beck disease. J. Environ. Sci.\u2013China 12, 86\u201389 (1991)."},{"key":"11463_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Ning, Y. & Wang, X. Chapter 31: Selenium and Kashin\u2013Beck Disease. 552\u2013571 (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015).","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782622215-00552"},{"key":"11463_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-010-9366-y","volume":"33","author":"B Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Yang, L., Wang, W., Li, Y. & Li, H. Environmental selenium in the Kaschin-Beck disease area, Tibetan Plateau China. Environ. Geochem. Hlth. 33, 495\u2013501 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Hlth."},{"key":"11463_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9686-8","volume":"153","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. Selenium: A protective factor for Kaschin-Beck disease in Qing-Tibet plateau. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 153, 1\u20134 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"11463_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-1113-x","volume":"65","author":"Q Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo, Q. & Wang, Y. Hydrochemical anomaly of drinking waters in some endemic Kashin-Beck disease areas of Tibet China. Environ. Earth Sci. 65, 659\u2013667 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"11463_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9469-7","volume":"150","author":"L Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun, L. et al. T-2 toxin contamination in grains and selenium concentration in drinking water and grains in Kaschin-Beck disease endemic areas of Qinghai Province. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 150, 371\u2013375 (2012).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"11463_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.006","volume":"99","author":"Z Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi, Z. et al. Environmental water chemistry and possible correlation with Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD) in northwestern Sichuan China. Environ. Int. 99, 282\u2013292 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"11463_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-0964-8","volume":"179","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ning, Y., Yang, L., Yu, F. & Guo, X. Zinc: the other suspected environmental factor in Kashin-Beck disease in addition to selenium. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 179, 178\u2013184 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"11463_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.04.002","volume":"54","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Hair multi-bioelement profile of Kashin-Beck disease in the endemic regions of China. J. Trace Elem. Med. Bio. 54, 79\u201397 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Bio."},{"key":"11463_CR43","first-page":"89","volume":"12","author":"J Hu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hu, J. An application of the quadrature test method to studying the drinking water quality in the Kaschin-Beck Disease areas. J. Xi\u2019an Coll. Geol. 12, 89\u201395 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Xi'an Coll. Geol."},{"key":"11463_CR44","first-page":"83","volume":"33","author":"X Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, B. & Lei, Y. The research progression on the relationship of selenium, iodine, fluorine with Kashin-Beck Disease. For. Med. Sci. (Sect. Medgeogr.) 33, 83\u201385 (2012).","journal-title":"For. Med. Sci. (Sect. Medgeogr.)"},{"key":"11463_CR45","first-page":"80","volume":"7","author":"R Sha","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sha, R. et al. Analysis of the relationship between contents of 21 elements in external environment and active index using samples from Kashin-Beck Disease affected areas. Endemic Dis. Bull. 7, 80\u201384 (1992).","journal-title":"Endemic Dis. Bull."},{"key":"11463_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.02.040","volume":"421","author":"S Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, S., Xiao, T. & Zheng, B. Medical geology of arsenic, selenium and thallium in China. Sci. Total Environ. 421, 31\u201340 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"11463_CR47","first-page":"132","volume":"39","author":"S Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun, S., Zhao, S. & Liu, Z. A study of the relationship between hydrochemistry and Kaschin-Beck disease in the Zequ river basin. Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol. 39, 132\u2013138 (2012).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"11463_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640000194","volume":"25","author":"ML Grange","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grange, M. L., Mathieu, F., Begaux, F., Suetens, C. & Durand, M. C. Kashin-Beck disease and drinking water in Central Tibet. Int. Orthop. 25, 167\u2013169 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"11463_CR49","first-page":"428","volume":"25","author":"S Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Study on the relationship between selenium concentrations in drinking water and Kashin-Beck disease in Tibet. Chin. J. Epidemiol. 25, 428\u2013429 (2006).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"11463_CR50","first-page":"383","volume":"36","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Selenium in environment and its relationship with Kashin-Beck disease in Chamdo Area of Tibet. Geogr. Res. 36, 383\u2013390 (2017).","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"11463_CR51","first-page":"48","volume":"20","author":"J Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang, J. & Xie, H. The environmental hydrogeology of KBD district in Rangtang county of Aba. Resour. Environ. Eng. 20, 48\u201351 (2006).","journal-title":"Resour. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"11463_CR52","first-page":"70","volume":"4","author":"X Xiao","year":"1986","unstructured":"Xiao, X. The relations of Kashin-Beck disease to hydrochemical components and the pathogeny in Yongshou County Shaanxi. Geol. Shaanxi 4, 70\u201378 (1986).","journal-title":"Geol. Shaanxi"},{"key":"11463_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088","volume":"583","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H. & Lam, P. K. S. Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui China. Sci. Total Environ. 583, 421\u2013431 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"11463_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2013.10.013","volume":"136","author":"J Xiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Jin, Z. & Wang, J. Geochemistry of trace elements and water quality assessment of natural water within the Tarim River Basin in the extreme arid region NW China. J. Geochem. Explor. 136, 118\u2013126 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"11463_CR55","first-page":"410","volume":"39","author":"D Zheng","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zheng, D. The system of physico\u2013geographical regions of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Sci. China Ser D. 39, 410\u2013417 (1996).","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser D."},{"key":"11463_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1021\/es061424h","volume":"41","author":"JD Cooke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooke, J. D., Hamilton-Taylor, J. & Tipping, E. On the acid\u2013base properties of humic acid in soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 465\u2013470 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"11463_CR57","first-page":"66","volume":"3","author":"N Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei, N., Zhang, F. & Zhang, Y. Study on the distribution of Mycotoxin pollution in main cereals and oil crops in Tibet Plateau. Agr. Prod. Qual. Saf. 3, 66\u201370 (2018).","journal-title":"Agr. Prod. Qual. Saf."},{"key":"11463_CR58","first-page":"510","volume":"40","author":"N Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei, N., Yue, X., Yu, Q. & Zhang, F. Study on mycotoxin contamination and toxigenic fungi pollution of main crops in Tibet plateau. J. Triticeae Crops 40, 510\u2013516 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Triticeae Crops"},{"key":"11463_CR59","unstructured":"Office for the Seventh Population Census of Tibet Autonomous Region (OSPCTAR), Tibet Autonomous Region Bureau of Statistics (TARBS), Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics in Tibet (SONBST), Tabulation on the 2020 population census of Tibet autonomous region (China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2021)."},{"key":"11463_CR60","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (MH), Standards for drinking water quality (GB 5749\u20132006) (China Standards Press Beijing, 2007)."},{"key":"11463_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-020-00532-3","volume":"42","author":"D Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng, D., Liu, Y., Luo, L., Shahid, M. Z. & Hou, D. Spatial variation and health risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water in the Chongqing urban areas China. Environ. Geochem. Hlth. 42, 2925\u20132941 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Hlth."},{"key":"11463_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104297","volume":"185","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yang, X., He, M. & Christakos, G. Beyond mere pollution source identification: Determination of land covers emitting soil heavy metals by combining PCA\/APCS, GeoDetector and GIS analysis. CATENA 185, 104297 (2020).","journal-title":"CATENA"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11463-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11463-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11463-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T02:36:48Z","timestamp":1669343808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11463-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11463-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7819"}}