{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:51:06Z","timestamp":1772563866976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked peroxisomal disease caused by a mutation in the <jats:italic>ABCD1<\/jats:italic> gene, producing mutations in the very long chain fatty acid transporter, ALD protein. Cerebral ALD (cALD) is a severe phenotype of ALD with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Elevated levels of Glycoprotein Nonmetastatic Melanoma Protein B (GNMPB) have been recently documented in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Our objective was to measure the levels cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) GNMPB in cALD patients to determine if GNMPB could be a potential biomarker in tracking cALD disease progression. CSF GNMPB levels were significantly higher in cALD patients versus controls (2407\u2009\u00b1\u20091672\u00a0pg\/mL vs. 639.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009404\u00a0pg\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0009). We found a positive correlation between CSF GNMPB and MRI disease severity score levels (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.3225, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) as well as the gadolinium intensity score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0204). Boys with more severe neurologic deficits also had higher levels of CSF GNMPB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). A positive correlation was shown between CSF GNMPB and another biomarker, chitotriosidase (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.2512, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0244). These data show that GNMPB could be a potential biomarker of cALD disease state and further studies should evaluate it as a predictor of the disease progression.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11552-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T10:16:06Z","timestamp":1652523366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GNMPB) as a novel biomarker for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leyla A.","family":"Taghizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carina J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Nascene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish O.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LeeAnn","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd W.","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin W.","family":"Furcich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Troy C.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"11552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00391.x","volume":"20","author":"S Kemp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kemp, S. & Wanders, R. Biochemical aspects of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain Pathol. 20, 831\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00391.x (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"11552_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809338327","volume":"24","author":"I Singh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh, I., Singh, A. K. & Contreras, M. A. Peroxisomal dysfunction in inflammatory childhood white matter disorders: An unexpected contributor to neuropathology. J. Child Neurol. 24, 1147\u20131157 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"11552_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1227","volume":"18","author":"S Kemp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kemp, S. et al. ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutation database: Role in diagnosis and clinical correlations. Hum. Mutat. 18, 499\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/humu.1227 (2001).","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"11552_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.02.006","author":"C Tran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tran, C. et al. Long-term outcome of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.02.006 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"11552_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx016","volume":"140","author":"JS Kuhl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuhl, J. S. et al. Long-term outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adult cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain: A J. Neurol. 140, 953\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx016 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain: A J. Neurol."},{"key":"11552_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-51","volume":"7","author":"M Engelen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Engelen, M. et al. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD): Clinical presentation and guidelines for diagnosis, follow-up and management. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 7, 51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-1172-7-51 (2012).","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"11552_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70177-1","volume":"6","author":"A Mahmood","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mahmood, A., Raymond, G. V., Dubey, P., Peters, C. & Moser, H. W. Survival analysis of haematopoietic cell transplantation for childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A comparison study. Lancet Neurol. 6, 687\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70177-1 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"11552_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3402","volume":"104","author":"C Peters","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peters, C. Cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: The international hematopoietic cell transplantation experience from 1982 to 1999. Blood 104, 881\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3402 (2004).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"11552_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-329235","volume":"118","author":"WP Miller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miller, W. P. et al. Outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy: The largest single-institution cohort report. Blood 118, 1971\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-01-329235 (2011).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"11552_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700554","volume":"377","author":"F Eichler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eichler, F. et al. Hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. N Engl. J. Med. 377, 1630\u20131638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1700554 (2017).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"11552_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10003","volume":"80","author":"BR Turk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turk, B. R., Theda, C., Fatemi, A. & Moser, A. B. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathology, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, newborn screening and therapies. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci.: The Off. J. Int. Soc. Dev. Neurosci. 80, 52\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jdn.10003 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci.: The Off. J. Int. Soc. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"11552_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61171","volume":"179","author":"K Wiens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiens, K. et al. A report on state-wide implementation of newborn screening for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 179, 1205\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.61171 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"11552_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6557","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6557","volume":"178","author":"VM Ripoll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ripoll, V. M., Irvine, K. M., Ravasi, T., Sweet, M. J. & Hume, D. A. Gpnmb is induced in macrophages by IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide and acts as a feedback regulator of proinflammatory responses. J. Immunol. 178, 6557\u20136566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6557 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"11552_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010066","author":"MJC van der Lienden","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Lienden, M. J. C., Gaspar, P., Boot, R., Aerts, J. & van Eijk, M. Glycoprotein non-metastatic protein B: An emerging biomarker for lysosomal dysfunction in macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20010066 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"11552_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13932","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7323","volume":"7","author":"MO Oyewumi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oyewumi, M. O. et al. Osteoactivin (GPNMB) ectodomain protein promotes growth and invasive behavior of human lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 7, 13932\u201313944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.7323 (2016).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"11552_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.28","volume":"79","author":"M Patel-Chamberlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patel-Chamberlin, M. et al. Hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 (Gpnmb\/Osteoactivin) is a biomarker of progressive renal injury across species. Kidney Int. 79, 1138\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.28 (2011).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"11552_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0612-3","volume":"6","author":"M Huttenrauch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huttenrauch, M. et al. Glycoprotein NMB: A novel Alzheimer\u2019s disease associated marker expressed in a subset of activated microglia. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 6, 108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-018-0612-3 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"11552_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01810","volume":"8","author":"DAE Hendrickx","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hendrickx, D. A. E. et al. Gene expression profiling of multiple sclerosis pathology identifies early patterns of demyelination surrounding chronic active lesions. Front Immunol. 8, 1810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01810 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"11552_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120194","volume":"10","author":"H Zigdon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zigdon, H. et al. Identification of a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid for neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease. PLoS ONE 10, e0120194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120194 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11552_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12078","volume":"6","author":"G Kramer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kramer, G. et al. Elevation of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B in type 1 Gaucher disease patients and mouse models. FEBS Open Bio 6, 902\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.12078 (2016).","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"11552_CR21","first-page":"1761","volume":"15","author":"DJ Loes","year":"1994","unstructured":"Loes, D. J. et al. Adrenoleukodystrophy: A scoring method for brain MR observations. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15, 1761\u20131766 (1994).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"11552_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4500","volume":"37","author":"WP Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, W. P. et al. Intensity of MRI gadolinium enhancement in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy: A biomarker for inflammation and predictor of outcome following transplantation in higher risk patients. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 37, 367\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A4500 (2016).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"11552_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.06.019","volume":"26","author":"TC Lund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lund, T. C. et al. Volume of gadolinium enhancement and successful repair of the blood-brain barrier in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl.: J. Am. Soc. Blood and Marrow Transpl. 26, 1894\u20131899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.06.019 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl.: J. Am. Soc. Blood and Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"11552_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.7.1073","volume":"62","author":"HW Moser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moser, H. W. et al. Follow-up of 89 asymptomatic patients with adrenoleukodystrophy treated with Lorenzo\u2019s oil. Arch. Neurol. 62, 1073\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.62.7.1073 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"11552_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117084","volume":"93","author":"CE Hollak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hollak, C. E., van Weely, S., van Oers, M. H. & Aerts, J. M. Marked elevation of plasma chitotriosidase activity. A novel hallmark of Gaucher disease. The J. Clin. Investig. 93, 1288\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI117084 (1994).","journal-title":"The J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"11552_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-144","volume":"8","author":"PJ Orchard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orchard, P. J. et al. Chitotriosidase as a biomarker of cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. J. Neuroinflammation 8, 144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-8-144 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"11552_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050430","volume":"7","author":"KA Thibert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thibert, K. A. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid matrix metalloproteinases are elevated in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy and correlate with MRI severity and neurologic dysfunction. PLoS ONE 7, e50430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0050430 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11552_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032218","volume":"7","author":"TC Lund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lund, T. C. et al. Elevated cerebral spinal fluid cytokine levels in boys with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy correlates with MRI severity. PLoS ONE 7, e32218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0032218 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"11552_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910600111","volume":"60","author":"MA Weterman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weterman, M. A. et al. nmb, a novel gene, is expressed in low-metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts. Int. J. Cancer 60, 73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.2910600111 (1995).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"11552_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.1259","volume":"84","author":"FF Safadi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Safadi, F. F. et al. Cloning and characterization of osteoactivin, a novel cDNA expressed in osteoblasts. J. Cell Biochem. 84, 12\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.1259 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"11552_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2019.01049","volume":"8","author":"JI Satoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satoh, J. I., Kino, Y., Yanaizu, M., Ishida, T. & Saito, Y. Microglia express GPNMB in the brains of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Nasu-Hakola disease. Intractable Rare Dis. Res. 8, 120\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/irdr.2019.01049 (2019).","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis. Res."},{"key":"11552_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.08.013","volume":"120","author":"EB Moloney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moloney, E. B., Moskites, A., Ferrari, E. J., Isacson, O. & Hallett, P. J. The glycoprotein GPNMB is selectively elevated in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients and increases after lysosomal stress. Neurobiol Dis 120, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.08.013 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"11552_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00828-1","volume":"13","author":"F Aichholzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aichholzer, F. et al. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 13, 94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13195-021-00828-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"11552_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01921-6","volume":"57","author":"KM Budge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Budge, K. M., Neal, M. L., Richardson, J. R. & Safadi, F. F. Transgenic overexpression of GPNMB protects against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Mol. Neurobiol. 57, 2920\u20132933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-020-01921-6 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"11552_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23999","volume":"95","author":"Y Nagahara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagahara, Y. et al. GPNMB ameliorates mutant TDP-43-induced motor neuron cell death. J. Neurosci. Res. 95, 1647\u20131665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.23999 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"11552_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071012","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10071012 (2021).","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"11552_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(03)00093-6","volume":"36","author":"JA Casal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Casal, J. A., Robles, A. & Tutor, J. C. Serum markers of monocyte\/macrophage activation in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other types of dementia. Clin. Biochem. 36, 553\u2013556 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"11552_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2021.05.014","volume":"172","author":"X Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, X., Yu, W., Wu, L., Yang, W. & Lu, Y. Chitotriosidase attenuates brain inflammation via HDAC3\/NF-kappaB pathway in D-galactose and aluminum-induced rat model with cognitive impairments. Neurosci. Res. 172, 73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2021.05.014 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"11552_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009626","volume":"94","author":"EJ Mallack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mallack, E. J. et al. Clinical and radiographic course of arrested cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Neurology 94, e2499\u2013e2507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009626 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"11552_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.03.021","volume":"197","author":"S Sotgiu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sotgiu, S., Musumeci, S., Marconi, S., Gini, B. & Bonetti, B. Different content of chitin-like polysaccharides in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains. J. Neuroimmunol. 197, 70\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.03.021 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11552-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11552-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11552-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:13:21Z","timestamp":1669346001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-11552-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11552-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"P.J.O, T.C.L., D.R.N. are investigators for bluebird bio, Inc\u2019s sponsored gene therapy study for cALD (Starbeam). L.A.T., C.J.K., A.O.G., L.H., T.W.M., E.E.N., and J.W.F. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7985"}}